SAFETY
All students
are required to supply their own safety glasses. If you do not have any,
we do sell a variety of protective eye-wear. Safety glass are to be worn
at all times while working in the glass shop.
Working at the point of the torch produces radiation that is bad for your eyes
as well as your skin. Good posture and optimum distance from the flame will reduce
these hazards.
The most common injuries that occur in the glass shop are minor burns and cuts.
Cuts can be the most serous of the injuries, causing possible tendon and nerve
damage. Always be careful when moving around glass. Never push or force glass,
and when working with molten glass always stop moving before the glass.
Minor burns are the most common of injuries. Many of these injuries can be avoided
by working only one end of your rod in the flame. Also. by placing the hottest
end of the rod or tubing away from you when setting them down on the workbench.
More serious burns caused by the flame require immediate attention. Place the
burn under cold water, keeping it submerged for approximately 20 minutes. This
procedure is necessary, because of the exotic mix of gases and carbon. This mixture
formed on the skin can microscopically spontaneously combust casing further damage
to your skin. The water will neutralize the mixture of gasses and carbons.
REGULATOR SAFETY
OXYGEN -- Be aware that many petroleum products can
spontaneously combust when they come in contact with pure oxygen. Never
use oil or oil base products on your regulators or equipment.
PROPANE -- Propane is heavier than air and always store your bottle outside and in an upright position
Flashback Arrestors or Check Valves are advised with the use of all regulators.
SAFETY TIPS
Be prepared for your project. Have your work site
and tools set up prior to turning on the flame.
Know your equipment and surrounding.
Make sure ventilation is on.
Be considerate of your neighbor workers. Do Not make sudden moves or distract
others at the flame.
Always ask before borrowing another person's equipment.
We also recommend getting sylvanite (burn ointment), from your local pharmacist.
Avoid creating hazardous waste, i.e. stringers and bubble trash.
Do not force the glass, get it hotter.
Do not burn the glass (looks white-bubbly), move faster.
REMEMBER:
FIRE BURNS AND GLASS CUTS!!!
The Dragon's Glassory:
A glossary of glass terms.
- A -
a (alpha):
Acid Etched:
- A name registered to a type of Art Glass, made of two layers and
two colors of cased glass. Made in the US by Frederick Cader, c 1932.
Acid Etching:
- The process of etching glass with hydrofluoric acid or ammonium
fluoride, stencils and resist of wax or some greasy substance was
developed during the 1870s in American Glass Houses. Decorative designs
are made by cutting or eating the glass away.
Acid Polishing:
- The use of a hydrofluoric acid bath to polish glass.
A Cordeline:
Accomac Cut:
- 1880s to 1890s pattern of popular cut glass.
Acorn:
- Pattern of pressed glass with an acorn pattern on the ribbing.
Acute Angles:
- Angles that are less than 90 degrees, and can affect seals.
Adams & Company Glass:
- A Pittsburgh made pressed glass from 1851, to some forms as late
as the 1890s.
- Noted patterns were:
- Baltimore Pear (Fig till approx. 1887 or Gypsy)
- Daisy and Button (with thumb print)
- Hidalgo
- Hobnail with Fan
- Moon and Star
- Thousand Eye
- Wildflower
Advertising Ware:
- Glass that advertises its maker, the art of a glass, or a line
of glass.
Aetna Glass:
Agata Glass:
- A glass characterized by its mottle look. The technique drizzled
volatile liquids onto the glass before refiring. Clear glass and
some Amberina glass used this finishing technique.
- A glass made at the Pittsburgh, Sandwich factories, and few few
other places, it was made from 1850 through 1900s. Blast furnace
slag (a form of glass) was mixed with glass to produce of chocolates,
caramels, agates and leathers. It was often variegated and with striations
of milk glass tints.
Air Ring:
- The elongated inclusion of air the encircles a paperweight by the
base, often above and below a torsade.
- A stem type from the 18th century. Air is trapped as
longitudinal channels, it is drawn out in a process of elongation
and twisting the mass of glass.
Alabaster Glass:
- Glass made by James Lloyd at the Sandwich Glass Works, considered
an fine imitation of alabaster ware..
Alabastron:
- Greek
- A small flask or bottle for perfumes and oils. Appearance often
having flat lips, thin neck, cylindrical bodies, and two small side
handles.
Albany Glass:
- A noted glass factory in Albany, N.Y., first established in the
1780s.
- Production included:
- bottles
- carboys
- jars
- window glass
Almond:
- Or Pointed Thumb Print.
- A pressed glass with hollowed facets likened to a thumb print having
pointed facets.
Almorrata:
- A Early Spanish glass where vessels have a narrow base and loops
to hang, sporting a big central neck and four tapered spouts on the
belly.
Alte Schweiss:
- Literal for "Old Swiss."
- Reference to early enameled, bi-colored, or decorated glass.
Alumnia Hydrate:
- Al2 O3
- Common crystalline compound used as abrasive and refractories.
Aluminoborosiclicate:
- SiO2, Al2O3, CaO and B2O3
- A glass that is highly resistant to chemical corrosion.
Amberina:
- Also called partially colored glass.
- Dates from 1833 and patented in 1883
for the New England Glass Company of East Cambridge, Mass., and
made through the 1890s by its successor, the Libbey Glass Company
of Ohio. Manufactured also under the name rose amber in New Bedford,
Mass.
- This blended-color glass is characterized
by the lower part of a piece colored a yellowish amber color that
merges into a ruby-red color up higher on the work, blending from
dark to light. A wide range of table and ornamental wares with
diamond designs or swirled ribbing was produced with Amberina glass.
Amber Slag:
- Milk white glass having streaks of caf³ au
lait and chocolate swirls.
- A soda lime glass, non lead glass
with smoky or greenish tones that is engraved and cut with Bohemian
and German patterns.
- John F. Amelung from Bremen, Germany
helped start the German Company open a glass house in the United
States. at New Bremen, MD.
American Flint Glass Works:
- Glass works of the Southwick & Co.,
in Wheeling, Va., dating from the 1840s. Known for its blown mold
and pressed glass, flint and colored glass.
- Production included:
- blown mold
- blown flint
- colored glass
- pressed glass
American System:
- Reference to flask that mold blown,
having the slogan "American System." A commemoration
over tariffs to prevent British goods dumping in the United States.
Amphoriskos:
- Greek
- Toiletry flask often with an appearance
of inverted pear shape usually tapered to point or button foots.
Angelic Cut:
- Cut glass pattern of the 1880s.
Animal Dishes:
- Pressed covered glass dishes with
animal forms.
Animal Headed Glass:
- Pressed glass with lids having shapes
of animal heads, or having knobs with animal heads (usually frosted)
or full figures.
Animalistic Glass:
- Animals characterized in glass.
Anthemion:
- Greek, stands for honeysuckle.
- Pressed glass pattern having a honeysuckle flower on a stippled
background.
Anneal:
- The controlled cooling of hot glass
to remove stress.
Anneal Cool:
- The point where glass has cooled through the annealing soak temperature
to its strain point. It is important that the cooling rate is slow
so residual stress does not mature.
Annealer:
- The insulated structure for annealing glass.
Annealer Face:
- A impression made onto a piece of
glass from the annealer surfaces. It can be caused when a piece
is placed in the annealer while too hot, or the annealer temperature
is set too high.
Annealing:
- The process of controlled gradual
cooling of an object after a hot-working process, so the the thicker
and thinner parts cool at the same rate. The annealing process
prevents the development of stresses that damage glass, toughening
it. Annealing is done in a oven or Lehr and allows a uniform cooling
rate for varying thickness of parts of an object. Done in stages:
the anneal soak and anneal cool.
Annealing Chamber or Oven:
Annealing Point:
- The temperature of about 35 to 40
degrees F. overt the strain point where internal stress in glass
is quickly reduced.
Annealing Range:
- The range of temperature for annealing
an object. This range varies upon the composition of the object.
It exist from above the strain point to the anneal soak temperature.
Annealing Soak:
- Stage of cooling that is held constant
allowing stress in glass to stabilize.
ANSI:
- American National Standards Institute.
- The organization that sets safety standards for industrial equipment.
- The organization that sets the standard of measuring the properties
of different materials, including glass.
Annular:
- A disk bead with a relatively large opening.
Apple Green:
- Ideally means a clear pale green.
Applied Handles:
- Pressed glass.
- Prior to 1865, handles were attached
as hot rods that were crimped on. In 1865 a special pressing technique
was perfected for attaching handles.
Applied Stem:
Aquadag:
- Graphite powder in a colloidal suspension
that is used for mold release and to resurface tools for forming
glass.
Arabesque:
- Bakewell of Pittsburgh pattern of
pressed glass having bands of dotted loops with an overall look
as stippled and dotted keyholes.
Arbitration Mug:
- Beer mugs having the figures of employers
and labor shaking hands pressed into the handles.
A retortoli:
Argus:
- Bakewell of Pittsburgh produced this
pressed glass pattern with big vertical thumb prints, like Ashburton,
or big ovals.
- Also called Crow's-foot.
- A section of millefiori created from rods having a three pronged
arrow configuration.
Aryballos:
- Greek
- A globular shaped toiletry flask with
side handles.
Asbestos:
- A form of hydrated magnesium silicate
the is fibrous and fireproof. Gloves made of it are resistant to
extreme heat associated with glass working.
- An early glass pattern beginning in
the mid 1830s, described with big curvate thumb print panels. The
pattern was later called Colonial, and still is produced with modern
techniques.
Aspirator:
- A device for making a vacuum, powered by attaching to a water faucet.
Atlantic Glass:
- A little glass furnace in Crowleytown,
N.J..
Atmosphere:
- Condition of air in a kiln which can vary from oxidation (excess
oxygen) to neutral to reduction (deficient of oxygen).
- In lampworking it refers the conditions that exist in a torch flame.
- An "oxidizing" atmosphere is high in oxygen.
- A "reducing" atmosphere is low in oxygen and often
softer and cooler. A reducing atmosphere can discolor glass.
- Also called a side arm seal.
- A method of attaching a glass piece to the main body.
At the fire:
- Reheating and reworking glass with additional blowing into larger
or new shapes. Also, reheating glass at the glory hole.
- Italian for "by accident," also called goldstone.
- A colored glass with gold flakes of the 15th century.
- Also, in the 17th century crystals of copper provided
a lustrous sheen, a method of super-saturating a batch of glass with
copper and the copper crystallizes out.
- A piece of glass that connects one piece of glass to another. Often
it is used in making goblets, connecting the bowl to the stem, or
the stem to the foot.
Axis:
- The line of center when rotating a glass rod.
Ayotte, Rick:
- Know as the "bird man" of glass with regards to his paperweights.
- Ayotte worked as a scientific glassblowers in Nashua and started
his own business in 1970, Ayotte's Artistry in Glass which made hollow
glassware gifts and solid crystal. In 1978 Ayotte Weishts came onto
the market.
- B -
Baby Beaker:
- Little glass jiggers for spirits.
Baby Face:
- Press glass pattern with forms of
Lion and Three Face. Variants had the frosted faces of three cherubim.
Baccarat:
- Glassware first produced in Baccarat,
France, at a glass manufacturing house of Compagnie des Cristalleries founded
in 1764 or 1765 under the name Verrerie de Sainte, by Monseigneur
de Montmorncy-Laval, Bishop of Metz; acquired by a Belgian manufacturer
in 1817. Baccarat was among some of the best cut glass made in
Europe in the 1800s. Helped shape the Art Deco style after being
displayed at a 1925 Paris exposition.
- The company is now Compagnie des Cristalleries de Baccarat.
- Production included:
- Blown glass
- Lead glass
- Pressed glass
- Blown molded glass
- Paperweights
Bacchus Glass:
- The Birmingham, England factory: Bucchus, Green & Green of
the Union Glass Works was started in 1818. In 1833 it became the
George Bacchus & Co.. In 1841, the year after the death of Bacchus,
it became George Bacchus & Sons. In 1858 it became Bacchus & Sons.
- Production included:
- domestic glassware
- paperweights
- plate glass
- Venetian style glass
Bagot, Joseph:
- New York City glass cutter of the
1810s.
Bakewell Glass:
- A Pittsburgh glass factory that was
set up by Benjamin Bakewell, is considered one of the great glass
factories of the United States.
- Production included:
- Pressed glass
- Molded glass
- Cut glass
Ball and Swirl:
- Pressed glass with rows of balls for
base lines, edges and having swirled footing and covers.
Ball Covers:
- Big blown glass balls that were reputed
as being used as milk bowl covers.
Balloon:
- A pressed glass pattern showing the
flight of a balloon, found on some sugar bowl. It dates from about
1870s, possibly from Ohio, Pittsburgh or Philadelphia, or maybe
Boston.
Balsam Bottle:
- Glass bottles, that instead of a ground
neck stoppers, feature an overturned cup shaped lid that sits over
the neck onto the shoulder of the bottle. Some cup and shoulder
of bottle may be ground for a better fit.
Baltimore Flint Glass Co.:
- A flint glass manufacture founded
in 1820 at Baltimore, Md., that operated to the 1840s or 50s.
Baltimore Glass:
- Glass of the Maryland Glass Works
at Baltimore that made bottled and flasks from 1850, they were
a noted exhibitioner at the London Crystal Palace Exposition in
1851.
Baltimore Glass Works:
- The noted glass works was started
by Frederick Amelung, and others, in 1799. The plant carried on,
under different management and owners, until the 1900s.
- Production included:
- Bottles
- Flask
- Druggist glass
- Window glass
Baltimore Pear:
- A pressed glass pattern, of the 1880s,
that sported a pair of figs on a fig leaf, and war originally named
Fig.
Baluster Stem:
- Balustra, meaning the flower
of a pomegranate.
- A form of stem of English drinking
glasses, adapted from pillars of staircase handrails, having nicely
formed corolla tubes. The term is carried over to other crafts
such as candle sticks and wood turning, etc..
Bamper Glass:
- The Bamper Glass Works, sometimes
referred to as "Bamper Hant," was started by the wealthy
Dutch merchant, Loderwyk Bamper, and others, in 1754. It is assumed
that the glass produced was done in the Dutch traditions.
Band:
- A band, dated around the 1870s, that
decorated varieties of Ashburton, that had a big thumb print with
crisscross or ticktacktoe bands.
Banded:
- Pressed glass patterns having stippled
bands.
- A plant from salt marshes of Alicante,
Spain, and other areas of the Mediterranean. Burning the bushes
is the source of soda ash for glass making, in the 15th and
16th centuries, in Europe and England.
Bar Lip:
- A feature of bottles designed for
heavy service, having a thick, heavy ringed lip. Found often on
many 19th century glass, particularly on pressed and
blown decanter.
Bar Windows:
- Windows of close set bars of clear
glass, admitting light but not allowing vision
Baril; Bariz; Barillette:
- Bottle and flasks with barrel shapes.
Barley:
- A pressed glass pattern of finely
traced vines, more like hops than a spray of barley. Some pieces
have stars, scallops or little panels.
Barrel Decanter:
- Style of English decanters, from 1775,
sporting wide mid-sections, strong necks, and often adorned with
sets of rings. Stoppers were often balls or mushrooms.
Bartlett - Collens Glass Co.:
Basal Rim:
- A feature of some paperweight. It
is a foot ring, around the concave base of a paperweight, that
protects the base from wear and chipping.
Basal Ring:
- The flange found on some English paperweights
that is created by in-cutting above the base, it is not a footed
paperweight.
Base:
Base Glass:
- The parent or bottom layer of glass,
onto which other glass is fused.
- Also refers to the dominant glass
used in fusing.
Basket:
- A glass basket or funnel like decoration
to hold decorative elements found around some paperweight designs,
made from an outer row of millefiori canes.
Basket Weave:
- Pressed glass patterns imitating flat
with basket weaving.
Batch:
- The proportioned raw materials mixture
(cullet, sand, soda, lead oxide, lime, potash, etc.), that is heated
in a crucible inside a furnace to form glass. Cullet can be a portion
of a batch.
Bay State Glass Company:
- Founded in the 1850s and operating
to 1877, in Cambridge, Mass., this plant made a variety of glass.
- Production included:
- Bottles
- Cut glass
- Fine flint
- Lamps
- Molded glass
- Plain glass
- Silvered glass
- Vials
Bead-forming:
- See core-forming.
- The traditional process of making
glass beads on metal rods.
Bead Release:
- A compound made of daolin clay and alumina hydrate applied to the
mandrel for bead making to help a bead release.
Beaded Swirl:
- Pressed glass pattern featuring swirls
of beads in diminishing sizes such as a strings of pearls.
Beaker:
- Tall drinking glass, accommodating
ten to sixteen ounces and on, having somewhat glared sides.
Bear Bottles:
- Production of an early Pennsylvanian
- German factory.
- Bear bottles also refer to containers
of Russian production for kummel or vodka.
- The reference also includes ridged
bottles having seal of a walking bear and the legend "California
Fire Extinguisher." These held fire retardant chemicals.
Beecher, Henry Ward, Bottle:
- Flask produced with the bust of Brooklyn
preacher Henry Beecher, during the 1880s, having the name Beecher
molded on the breast.
Bee Mark:
- Later glass of the Higbee of Pittsburgh
glass works in the 20th century that sported a characterization
of a bee and letters HIG..
Belle Version Glass:
- Glass of the Belle Vernon, Pa., glass
works, from 1834 till the 1880s.
- Production included:
- Bottles
- Flask
- Hollow ware
Bellflower:
- An old pressed glass pattern, from
about the 1840s, with vertical ribbing and a horizontal bellflower
vine.
Bells:
- Table bells, of various forms, produced
from the 18th century on by Nailsea Glass Works of England.
Many were made offhand or after hours. The Liberty Bell style was
produced for the Centennial. Pressed glass butter dishes with bell
shaped covers, bottles and candy containers of the style were also
produced.
Benchblow:
- The technique were an assistant blows into blow pipe, while the
gaffer, seated on a bench forms the glass.
- A torch that is supported on a stand
for working at the bench.
Bending:
- The result of sagging or slumping
of glass.
Benitier:
- An open, shallow vessel used to hold baptismal or holy water, in
churches or chapels.
Bentonite:
- Aluminum silicate clays, with some
magnesium and iron, used in adhesives, cements, ceramic fillers
and shelf primers. Clays are characterized by sodium and calcium
content that have high and low swelling characteristics.
Bent Glass:
- The denotes glass that has been actively
shaped, such as application of weights, over forms, rather than
passive bending by gravity alone. Bending techniques help reduce
surface marks and changes of thickness.
Benitier:
- Holy water fonts of early molded and
cut glass, for churches and chapels.
Betsy Ross Plate:
- Pressed glass tea plate depicting
Betsy Ross and pierced borders, made about the1880s or 1890s.
Beveling:
- To finish an edge at other than 90
degrees with grinding and polishing.
Biberon:
- Glass container with a sealed on cover.
Its poring nozzle also served for filling the container.
Bigler:
- Pressed glass pattern version of Ashburton
with big thumb prints, horizontal bands, vertical bobbin shaped
spear.
Bird on Nest Sugar Bowl:
- Pressed glass bowls having a lifelike
bird on nest depictions, produced by Valleryshtal & Portieux,
of Lorraine until 1910.
Birmingham:
- O'Leary & Mulvaney.
- Glass factory of the Pittsburgh region
from 1832 to 1860.
- Production included:
- Colored glass ware
- Cut flint glass
- Fancy glass
- Molded glass
Bisque:
- Bisque-ware molds are used in slumping
and sagging techniques. It is a clay ware that is porous and not
fired to maturity, but yet ceramically bonded.
Bit:
Bit Boy:
Bitters Bottle:
- Bottles produced for tonic with high
alcohol contents, of some 450 types on record.
Black Glass:
- True jet - black glass was a rare
American production that included some known vases and covered
sugar bowls. American black glass often was a deep red - purple
or a dark green.
Blackberry:
- Pressed glass patter often of porcelain
glass, with banding of blackberry vines, leaves and fruits.
Blackberry and Grape:
- Also called Loganberry and Grape.
- Pressed glass pattern depicting cluster
each of blackberries and grapes.
Blank:
- A solid piece of glass before cutting.
- A cut of sheet glass measured for
the base to place the designs for fused glass, or reference to
a raw, solid piece or glass to be shaped or patterned.
Blaze:
- Pressed glass pattern with vertical
ribbing ending on top with a strong twisting line.
Bleb:
- The small bit of solid glass formed on the end of a tube when sealing
glass by pulling from the end. It is some what thercker lens ahps
spot melted in to the end of the tube. The bleb can be removed by
pulling it off with a glass tube when hot.
Blister:
- Large bubbles in sheet and float glass
are defects, but sometimes it can be a desired characteristic of
art glass.
Blobbing:
- The embedding of colored glass chips
to create blobs of contrasting color on an object's surface.
Block:
- Refers to a tool also called a paddle.
- Also, pressed glass patterns of big
irregular blocks.
- Also, round wooden molds for centering
glass.
Block with Thumb Print:
- Pressed glass pattern, like Diamond,
having horizontal and vertical division separating blocks, each
having an indented thumb print, made in about 1876.
Blocking:
- The gather is shaped in a glass mold.
Blow Hose:
- A rubber hose, connected to a glass tube, sometimes with a swivel
for rotating, that makes it easier to manipulate and/or to see when
blowing on a piece of tubing.
Blow Out the End:
- Also, blowing out a kidney or sausage.
- A method of cutting glass tubing. A gob is formed on the end of
glass tubing and blown into a thin ball and broken off, then fire
polished.
Blow Pipe
- The hollow tube, usually of metal, for blowing glass.
- The process of inflating a blob of
glass to form a shape. The glass is gathered at the end of a "blow
pipe," or is an enclosed cylinder of soft glass canes.
- See also:
- Dip mold blowing
- Free blowing
- Full mold blowing
- Closed cylinder blowing
Blown Glass Classification:
- Classification system for blown glass
suggested by Samuel Laidacker in 1941.
Blown Mold Glass:
- Glass that has been mold blown in
part or in whole.
Blown Reproductions:
- Reproduction of blown glass using
old formulas, old glass as cullet, traditional tools and techniques.
Such glass can be mistaken easily as originals.
Blown Glass:
- Free blown as opposed to rolling or
drawing. The traditional process of glass production where a molten
gather is rolled on a flat surface or marver, and air is blown
through a blowpipe, inflating the glass for shaping.
Blowpipe:
- A hollow pipe, usually made of a mild
steal, for gathering and blowing glass. Glass tubes that are used
in flame working.
- Also called lamp or torch.
- The gas burner used to heat glass rods for lampworking.
Boaters:
- Or Sailors.
- Glass straw hats, often of milk glass,
decorated in colors, flower sprays and gilded emotional verses.
Bobeche:
- Circular, shallow cups with central
holes for holding sockets of candlesticks.
Bohemian Glass:
- Glass actually produced in Bohemia
in the styles of Venice and Murano, known for splendid cutting
and engraving. The glass was copied by German glass makers who
laid claim to the style.
Bone Glass:
- Milk white enamel that integrated
jaw bones and teeth of horses and cattle to obtain opacity and
perceived virtues.
Boot Glass:
- Drinking glasses styled as a boot
either free blown, mold blown or pressed. Many variations including
engraved, cut or enameled; some later styles were match or tooth
pick holders.
Borsell:
- Italian.
- A tool with a tong shape used to shape
glass. They can have patterns on the jaws to impress the glass
(borella puntata).
- SiO2, B2O3 and Al2O3
- A glass with relatively higher amounts of siclica and boron than
soda lime glass, and words at a higher temperature and is called
a "hard" glass.
- A low-expansion, heat-resistant glass
good for scientific apperatus, glass like: PyrexTM, KimaxTMand DuranTM.
Boston Crown Glass Co.:
- Factory that operated from 1787 to
the 1790s and was known for its hollow ware and window glass.
Boston Silver Glass Co.:
- Factory that operated from 1858 until
the 1870s, making flint and mercury glass ware.
- Silvered ware (mercury) included:
- Chalices
- Door knobs
- Curtain hold backs
- Goblets
- Etc.
Bottle Pitchers:
- Pitchers made after blowing glass
in a bottle mold.
Bouquet:
- One or more flowers creating a floral design in paperweight.
Bouquet de Mariage:
- The mushroom design, found in paperweights, where the mass of a
mushroom is made of white stardust canes.
Bouquetier:
- Glasses with tazza or champagne
glass style used for wine or to show flowers.
Bow Lathe:
- A lathe that is powered with a thonged
bow powering the lathe spindle.
Bowl Salts:
- Saltcellars of 18th century
blown glass usually having a goblet shape.
Box:
Box it:
- To place into an annealer.
Bradford Blackberry:
- Pressed glass pattern with vines,
leaves and berries curling around plain panel.
- Emma Bradford, a collector, is credited
with its discovery.
Braintree Glass:
- Glass (only bottles are known) produced
in Braintree, Mass., from 1750 to 1752.
Brandy Fruits:
- Jars blown for commercial use for
the preservation of fruits in brandies and their syrups.
Breast Button:
- Glass breast pump produced in America
staring in 1750.
Bridgeport Glass:
- Green glass bottles and table ware
produced in Bridgeport, Pa., from about 1812 to 1847.
Bridgeton:
- Glass factory in New Jersey, that
made bottles, flasks and vials from about 1836 to the 1870s.
Bridging:
- A temporary support used when working glass.
Broken Swirl:
- Blown glass pattern with tooled horizontal
indentations or panels, or molded similar patterns that form an
angular swirl.
- J. L. Gilliland & Co., started
the plant in 1822, operated for 45 years, producing a variety and
styles of glass.
- The moved to Corning, N.Y., becoming
the Corning Glass Company.
- Production included:
- Cut glass
- Hollow ware
- Lamps
- Lantern glass
- Lenses
- Vases
Brownsville Glass Works:
- Factory at Brownsville, Pa., producing
bottles and wares from the 1820s to the 1880s.
Bryce, McKee & Co.:
- Pittsburgh, Pa., factory started in
the 1850s.
- Production included:
- Apothecaries
- Perfumery
- Table ware
BTU:
- British Thermal Units is the amount
of heat that raises one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit.
Bubbles:
Buckle Patterns:
- Pressed glass with varieties of oval
and waffle patterns.
Bud Glasses:
- Small, 2 ü to 4 inch, tumbler like
vessels of solid glass with a shallow cone shaped depression. The
vessels date from the 1850s to the1890s and were used to show off
a single, short stem blossom at contests and shows. Also, these
displayed artificial and dried flowers.
Bull's Eye:
- Also known as Lawrence.
- Pressed glass pattern .
Bull's Eye:
Bull's Eye and Heart:
Bunker Hill Bottle:
- Pressed glass perfume bottle with
the shape of the Bunker Hill Monument.
- Produced from 1876 to the 1880s, it
was about fifteen inches high, with a ground glass stopper.
- Also a reference to a pickle jar featuring
a view of Bunker Hill Monument, and labeled "Bunker Hill Pickles."
Burgin & Pearsall Glass:
- Kensington.
- Factory the operated from around 1845,
making green, and white glass wares.
Burmese Glass:
- Mount Washington Glass Co., of New
Bedford, Mass., factory that was known for its art glass, blown
and pressed. Reputed to contain uranium, the glass has shades ranging
from rose pink to light yellow, and was produced for a period of
ten years.
Butt Seal:
- The creation of one piece of rod or tube form two pieces by joining
them end to end.
Butter Dishes:
- A European vogue that became popular
in America during the 1870s. Butter dishes of pressed glass, replaced
blown glass, and have been made in many styles and shapes. Production
often is crystal or light green; but, amber, green, yellow, blue,
milk, or clear glass can be found.
Button:
- A disc like expansion in the middle
of a tube.
- A flat disc made by pressing the end
of hot glass rod onto a surface.
- Buttons of glass, in special colors,
have been produced by many manufacturers in a variety of styles.
Most often these items had other uses, such as bracelets, earring,
or necklaces.
Button Stems:
- A wide band or bands resembling the
rims of buttons found on stems of compotes, goblets, tazzas and
wineglasses.
Butt Seal:
The connection where two rods or tubes are fused.
- C -
Cabbage Rose:
- With reference to paperweights, it is the cabbage like
strands of glass that create a clichy rose, passibly made
in a rose cane mold.
Cabin Candlestick:
- Vallerystal & Portieux, Lorraine, produced a 2 piece
candlestick in the form of a cabin having a gilded roof
and central chimney that held a candle.
Cable:
- Pressed glass pattern, of alternating wide and narrow
panels, with a twisted rope pattern; this was an
commemoration of the completion of the trans-Atlantic
cable.
- Patterns that look link rope
strands, or refers to glass thread applied to surfaces.
Cable Cord:
- Pressed glass pattern, of alternating clear and colored
panels, reputed to commemorate the success of the
trans-Atlantic cable.
Cable in Ring:
- Pattern similar to other "cables," and having a
bent cable passing through a deadeye.
Cadalso Glass:
- Early sixteenth century Spanish glass made by Dutch and
Flemish glass blowers. Cadalso features are similar to
glass from Nailsea, England having bicolored, spotted, or
mottled forms.
Calabash:
- Rounded, gourd shaped
bottles with long tapered necks, similar to chestnut
design with more roundness.
- Whitening, Ca CO2
- Naturally occurring mineral
such as limestone, chalk, marble and others. Used in the
manufacture of many products, shelf primer being one.
California Glass:
- California bottle factories
started operation during the 1850s, beginning with the
Pacific Glass Works.
- Production included:
- Bottles
- Carboys
- Chimneys
- Flasks
- Lamps
- Shades
- Tableware
- Vials
- Diatretum
- An openwork cage like
appearance of a cup with under cuts strut work that lets
the surface design stand free of the body of the glass.
- Cambridge, Mass., porcelain
and glass factory, founded in 1814.
- Producers of the first
pressed glass in the United States.
- Production included:
- Amberina
(originators) glass
- Druggists'
glass
- Lamps
- Overlay
glass
- Silver glass
- Tableware
- See New England Bottle Company.
- New England Glass
Company (NEGC).
- It came from the
purchase of two Cambridge firms, at auction: the
Boston Porcelain & Glass Company and Emmet,
Fisher & Flowers, in 1818. On of four
partners was Deming Jarves.
- Production included:
- engraved
glass
- paperweights
form approx. 1850 to 1880.
- plain glass
- pressed
glass.
Cameo Glass:
- Two or mare layers of cased
glass in different colors, usually white against dark,
that is layered and cut on a wheel to expose the cameo
surface in relief. An appearance originally copied from
hard stones, imitated with molds and acids baths. The
technique was used by the Egyptians and Romans.
Cameo Incrustation:
Camphor Glass:
- Glass having a cloudy-white
appearance like refined gum camphor.
Camphor Jug:
- Small clear glass jug for
storing spirits of camphor.
Canadian:
- Glass pattern of panels,
with bosky views, separated with ivy vines.
Candle Bomb:
- Amusement device of the 18th century consisting of a
water filled glass bead. When placed into a flame, the
heated water turned to steam with a band.
Candlesticks:
- Venice and Murano produced the early examples early in
the 16th century, or perhaps before. Candlesticks have
been made in a wide variety of styles, and colors. A
study could be made on the topic.
Candy:
- Reference to scrambled millefiori paperwieghts.
Candy Paperweight:
- Paperweights of nested glass
canes that have the appearance of stick candy.
- Thin rods or strips of glass
that have been stretched while hot to a workable
thickness typically less than 1/4 inch. Often used for
millefiori or masaic glass and making cotton twist.
- Or Floret, a small piece of
bundled or molded rods that have been pulled out and cut
sto the there pappern appear in their cross section,
Cane Making:
- The processes of stretching
glass into thin rods and strips. Multiple colors can be
used in a single cane to patterns.
Cannon and Drum Dish:
- A drum shaped, milk glass
dish; with a cover having a cannon and shot. Thought to
be manufactured from the 1870s to 1890s.
Cannonball:
- Pressed glass pattern of
clear glass with marble sized glass balls on the edges.
- Made by Butler Brothers during the 1880s and known too as
Atlas and Crystal Ball.
- Production included:
- butter dishes
- cake plates
- compotes
- goblets
- pitchers
- sugar bowls
Cannon Burner:
- A large, surface mix bench torch.
Cantaro:
- Fifteenth century Spanish
glass vessels having two spouts, the bigger one for
filling and the smaller one for pouring.
Cap:
- To seal the end of a
blowpiece with a finger, thumb or palm, to prevent the
collapse of the blown piece.
Cape Cod:
- Pressed glass pattern of
oval panels separated by an interstice of stippling or
ivy.
- The name was also used for a
pattern now known as Hamilton.
Cape Cod Glass Company:
- Deming Jarves (after leaving
Boston & Sandwich) founded the plant in 1858.
- Production included:
- canes
- cut wares
- lamps
- table wares
- pressed wares
- paperweights
- specialty
glass
- Vasa
Murrhina glass
Cap Hanger:
- The metal cap, used for hanging, on the top of a
Christmas ornament.
Carbon Paste Mold:
- Contemporary technique of
lining blown molds with a carbon paste to rid mold marks.
Cardinal:
- Pressed glass pattern of a
jay or cardinal.
Carmen Cut:
- Cut glass pattern produced
from 1880s through the 1890s.
Carmines:
- Short, squared shaped, red ink bottles, fitted with glass
stoppers.
- General term once used for containers for red ink.
Carruthers, George:
- Established the Wheeling,
Virginia glass works in 1820.
- Producer of LaFayette and Jackson flasks.
Carpet ground:
- A background or foil of
closely packed identical canes for a background to a
design.
Cartoon:
- With reference to stained
and mosaic glass it is the design of tracing paper for
planning and laying out piece of the complete design.
Caryatid Bowl:
- Feature on Caryatid figures, consisting of small globe.
- Produced by the Boston and Sandwich Glass Company.
Caryatid Candlestick:
Cascade Glass Works:
- Pittsburgh, Pa., glassworks
started in the 1850s.
- Production included:
- Bar room
glass
- Blown glass
- Colored
glass
- Cut glass
- Plain glass
- Pressed glass
Case Bottles:
- Bottles designated for use
in cases, fitting in divisions of the case.
- Case bottles have been
designed in all shapes, sizes, and colors.
Cased glass:
- Covering a glass with
another color glass either by dipping to gather glass
over it, or by blowing a parison a prepared cup of
different colored glass. It was used by the Romans, an
example, Portland Vase, the Bohemians and English of the
mid 19th century, and later in the United
States.
- With reference to
paperweights, casing creates a windows to view the
center.
- Also known as Overlay Glass.
- Also known as "cup
overlay method," glass of one color is fused onto
the inner surface of another colored glass. A
"cup" of one color is introduced into the other
colored glass. By repeating the process, multicolored
glass is made.
Cast:
- That glass made by kiln
casting, by Cire perdue (lost wax) methods, or by sand
casting.
- The general term is for
glass that is cast in one piece molds. The molds are
often made of clay or plaster, sometimes for one use.
- Two or three piece molds are
used for casting of poured glass.
- Forming molds are also used to cast poured glass around
objects.
- Processes using molds to
form glass.
Caster Place:
- A special area of a glass factory for the use of expert
craftsmen to work.
Castor Bottles:
- Casting bottles feature
either perforated or squirt tops to cast condiments,
spices, etc..
- Casters are frames to hold
casting bottles as table piece.
Cast Porcelain:
- Late 19th century, dense
white glass that was usually pressed into forming molds.
- Also, known as gothic.
- Pressed glass pattern
featuring Gothic arches, like a cathedral, with either
plain or crossed lozenges.
Cathedral Glass:
- Transparent colored sheet
glass.
Celery Handle:
- Often found on Roman glass,
it appears as vertical ribbing on a handle surface.
Ceramic Fiber Insulation:
- A light material of alumina
silicate fibers used in kiln. It absorbs less heat than
insulating firebrick during heat up and makes kiln
operation more economical.
Ceric Oxide:
- CeO2
- A pale, yellowish white
compound that can be used a glass polish.
Centennial Glass:
- Centennial 1876 anniversary
glass made by many glass works in many forms and
constitutes a broad topic.
- 1876 Centennial grounds
glass works exhibition set up by Gillander & Sons.
Centennial Lamp:
- 1876 production pieces with
candle shades having the forms of tumblers, made in many
colors and thought to be placed in rows on window sills.
Chain and Shield:
- Pressed glass pattern having
shield forms and inside bands of rope-work with inner
pearl like bosses and a central sunburst.
Chain Decanter:
- Blown molded decanter
featuring baroque pattern with belted centers and chain
like features.
Chair:
- The glassblower's bench,
which has flat extended arms to support tools held by the
glass blower, while working the glass. Also, an archaic
term referring to a team of glass makers.
Challinor-Taylor & Co.:
- Tarentum, Pa., glass works.
- Production included opalescent glass as:
- Duck & swan dishes
- Hen and rooster dishes
- Table wares
Chambers-Agnew:
- Pittsburgh, Pa., glass works
also known as the Pittsburgh Glass Works (Chambers, Agnew
& Co. and A. & D. H. Chambers).
- Production included:
- Bottles
- Druggists' glass
- Flint table ware
Chaplet Bead:
- A latticinio thread twist.
Charge:
- The process of loading a furnace with the batch or cullet
to be melted.
Charger:
- The person who charges the furnace.
Cheater:
- A small tagged on piece of
glass that protect the bottom a piece from being damaged
by a punty.
Check:
- The line of a crack that is
visible from stress in the glass and bad annealing.
Checker:
- Chequer
- A paperweight design,
checkerboard, of evenly spaced canes with a horizontal
filigree separating the piece into a grid.
Chelmsford Glass:
- Chelmsford (Lowell,1826)
Mass., glass works that operated from 1802 to 1827.
- Production included many
forms of bottles, but it thought that the Lowell railroad
flask was produced by this company. It featured a design
of a horse drawn freight car on one side, with
"Railroad" marked above and "Lowell"
marked below. An eagle was on the reverse side.
Chemical Durability:
- Glass has the ability to
withstand wear and decay from exposure to corrosive
materials.
- Glasses with a high boron
content and glasses with a soda lime content over 9 %
resist chemical weathering that produces a scummy or
foggy surface.
- The use of hydroflouric acid to remove the surface of
glass. A frosted appearance is aceived by adding
chemicals to the acid.
Chequer Weight:
- A paperweight design of millefiori canes separated by
short lengths of latticinio twists arranged in a
checkerboard manner.
Cherry:
- Pressed glass pattern
featuring cherry clusters.
- Varieties included:
- Cherry
- Paneled
Cherry
- Stippled
Cherry
Cherry-Red Glass:
- Bright cherry-red glass made
at Bristol, England from c. 1765, sometimes mistakenly
fancied as Bohemian.
Chestnut Bottle:
- Chestnut shaped bottles with
many variations such as:
- Blown molded
- Diamond pinched
- Swirled
- Writhen
- Others
Chevron Bead:
- See Rossetta bead.
- A drawn glass bead with a star design made by its
internal patterns of a multilayer fashion. The ends are
cut or ground.
Chick:
- Clear glass knobs and
finials featuring a chick hatching from an egg.
Chill Mark:
- Indentations on the surface of glass made by cold tools,
gloves, or water drops.
Choufleur:
- French, for cauliflower.
- A form of ground in paperweights formed of loosely set
canes with a twist.
Christmas Glass:
- Pressed glass (1880 to
1900s) alphabet plates featuring Santa Claus and his
Holiday Messages, surrounded with holly borders.
Christmas Lights:
- Small vases with a bulbous
form and rounded bases, for holding short holiday
candles.
- Made in many colors,
originally may have been votive light shades that came to
be used in Christmas creches and suspended from trees.
Chrysoprase:
- A color of apple green appearance.
Chrystie, James:
- New York importer of fine
English and Irish cut glass.
- Glass works of Gray & Hemingway at Cincinnati and
Moscow from 1815; and from 1851 or 1852, Covington, Ky.
- The Cincinnati plant operated till 1822.
- Production included:
- Bottles
- Flasks
- Tumblers
- The Moscow plant
- produced:
- Bottles
- Flask
- Window glass
Cire Perdue:
- French, see lost wax process.
- A casting technique for
glass and metals. A wax model or a shaped layer of wax
over a form is covered with the external mold. The wax is
melted out of the cavity and metal is poured in, or with
glass, a powder or fragments of glass are melted down by
lengthy heating.
Cinquefoil:
- A cane garland with five loops.
Circlets:
- Millefiori canes arranged in small circles in
paperweights.
Clam-Broth Glass:
- Blown and pressed glass
described as smoky, pearly, semi-opaque, and looking like
clam juice.
Clamp:
- A substitute tool for a pontil that holds the closed end of the
glass vessel, while the open end is shaped.
Clapper:
- Tool of glass making used to
shape or form the footing of a piece.
Claret Jug:
- Specially made claret wine
pitchers having flared spouts, with handles and usually
stoppers.
- Blown pieces exist from the
mid 17th century; pressed or cut glass pieces from 1880
to 1910.
Classic Period:
- Paperwieghts, Frence production from 1845 to 1860.
Claw Beaker:
- A decorated beaker usually
having superimposed hollow truck like claws.
Claw Holder:
- A tool for holding glass such as on the base, foot, or
flared end.
Clear Ground:
- A paperweight design with clear glass used for the
background.
Clementon Glass:
- Clementon, N.J., factory
that produced window glass and bottles from the early
1800s.
Cleveland Glass:
- Cleveland glass factory
started by Anthony Landgraff in 1840.
- Glass noted for its pale
aquamarine color and blue tints and overtones.
- Later the operated William
Landgraff, then Caswell, and later Union Glass Co..
Clichy Glass:
- Clichy la Grenne founded by
Maes, Messrs, and Rouyer, possibly at Billancourt in 1837
or at Sevres in 1838, the operation moved to Clichy
shorty after opening.
- Glass produced in Clichy,
France.
- Production included:
- Bottles
- Fruit jars
- Paperweights
- Perfumers' ware
Clichy rose:
- A rose like cane preferred
by the Clichy factory that is imitated.
Clock Bottle:
- Bitters bottle with a clock
face marked Binnerger's, 19 Broad St., New York.
Clockcases, Glass:
- Pressed glass clock casings,
first made in 1845.
Clock-Mill Glass:
- Rare Dutch glass item likely
from the late 16th or early 17th century, some
have bowls with engraved legends commemorating the
unification of the Low Countries.
- Tumber bowls were the base for silver mill having a clock
face. Blowing through a tube caused the clock and mill to
appear to operate.
Clock Wheels, Glass:
- Pressed glass production of
clock wheels, patented by John P. Bakewell of Pittsburgh
in 1830.
Close Concentric:
- Apatperweight pattern of spacing millefiori wieght with
tightly packed concentric circles or canes.
Close Packed:
- Also "close millefiori."
- In paperweights, it is a tightly packed grouping of
millefiori canes.
Closed Cylinder Blowing:
- The process of inflating a
blob of glass to form a shape. The glass is gathered at
the end of a "blow pipe," or is an enclosed
cylinder of soft glass canes.
- See:
- Dip mold
blowing
- Free blowing
- Full mold
blowing
- Closed
cylinder blowing
Cloisonne:
- A technique of using gold or
silver wires shaped into a designs of cells that hold
enamel powder for firing.
Clover Cut:
- In paperweights, it is the intersecting facets of surface
cutting, a form associated with the New England Glass
Company.
Cluster:
- The close arrangement of
like cane often used in Clish paperweights.
Clyde Glass Works:
- New York glass factory,
started in 1827.
- Production included:
- bottles
- off hand production
- window glass
Coating Cement:
- A colloidal silica used to
coat fiber molds and kiln floors in place of kiin wash or
shelf primer. To prevent deterioration caused by glass
melting into the fibers of fiber insulated kilns.
Coaxial:
- To have the same axis.
- Two joined glass tubes or rods need to have the same
center axis to rotate evenly in the hands.
- A metallic element that is a
source of blue color in glass making. An impure form of
its oxide of cobalt called the zaffer provides an intense
color often toned down by fusing with potassium carbonate
and a silicate that makes smalt, which is used to color
glass blue.
- Cobalt can be combined with other elements to produce
more colors. For example: lead and antimony oxides
produces green, manganese and iron produces a fine black.
- A measure of percentage
change in length or per degree C. change in temperature.
Coffeyville Glass:
- Coffeyville, Kansas plant started in 1903 and became the
Premium Glass Co. in 1905. It later moved to Sapulpa,
Oklahoma. The company divided into the Barlett Collens
Glass Co. and Liberty Glass Co., in 1918.
- Productions included:
- Jelly glasses
- Globes
- Novelties
- Oil lamps
- Pressed glass
Coffin & Hay:
- Glass plant successor to one
started in 1831 or 1832, by Coffins and associates in
Winslow, N.J..
- Production included:
- Bottles
- Flasks
- Hollow ware
Cold Shop:
- The shop where cold work is done.
Cold Work:
- The techniques of cutting, engraving, grinding and
polishing glass.
Color:
- Glass, such as: frit, kugler, powder or rod that is
colored with metal oxides and used to impart the color to
a piece being worked.
Cog Cane:
- In paperweights, it is a moled millefiori cane having a
serrated edge.
Cog Method:
- A style of notation used to identify Saint Louis
paperweights.
Coin Glass:
- Blown glass featuring a coin
with a stem or foot.
- Pressed glass with designs
of US coins.
Cold Painting:
- Kalte Malerei -- Germanic.
- Glass painting technique
that uses oil or distemper paint that is varnished or
glazed for protection.
Cold Work:
- Techniques not using hot
glass such as: cutting, etching, polishing, sandblasting,
and laminating
Colloidal Silica:
- Extremely fine silica in a
liquid suspension used a bonding agent in some cements.
Collar:
- A metal ring or mask to mark
off a disc or template that are used and help center a
design that is picked up by molten crystal.
Colonial:
- Ashburton style pattern of
pressed glass, named in the 1870s.
- Appearance of big
"droop"thumbprint and droops over panels.
Color Ground:
- The background opaque or
transparent colors, onto which designs are placed.
Color Twist:
- The characteristic colored,
spiraled stems of English drinking glasses of about 1735
to 1775. Rare and faked, examples often are very
restored. Continental examples are known to have poor
colors.
Colored Glass:
- Additions of various
elements such as cobalt, copper, gold, tin, etc. provide
color to glass.
Columbia Glass Co.:
- Findlay, Ohio glass
manufacturers.
- Production patterns
included:
- Dewdrop
- Hobnail
- Shell
Columbia Tray:
- Pressed glass tray made in 1892, with a shield shape and
the bust of Columbus.
Columbus:
- Pressed glass patterned
items, featuring Columbus, made for the World's Columbian
Exposition, at Chicago from 1892 till 1893.
Comb:
- See feathering and festoon.
- The technique of dragging a tool across the surface of
molten glass to decorate it in an applied design.
Combination Pressed and Molded
Glass:
- Combination molds from the
later 1880s or so, permitted simultaneous blowing and
mold pressing.
- The process of dragging
through bands of softened colored glass at right angles
with a pointed object to form a repeated pattern,
marvering the resulting threads into the surface. Waves,
feathers and zig zag patterns can be made by combing.
Comet:
- Pressed glass pattern of a
comet and bull's eye.
Commode Knobs:
- Drawer pulls or furniture
knobs made of blown glass, often cut and engraved.
- Mutual characteristics of
glass, having the same thermal coefficient of expansion (a),
that allow two pieces to fuse together with no undue
stress on cooling.
- Compatable glasses
"fit."
Compote:
- Tazza, early form.
- Bowls on a stand of various sizes.
Compound:
- With reference to drawn or wound beads, it is two or more
layers of glass, one on another.
Concentric:
- A a tightly packed or
separated circle, or tightly wound spiral of canes around
a common center.
- Small clay pyramid made to
soften and deform at a specific stage of temperature and
time. They are rated by their heat tolerance.
Cone Beaker:
- Drinking vessels with the
shape of tall slender cones often with trailed treads
decorating the surface.
Conical Salt:
- Cone shaped salt cellars,
often with a turned over rim, like a valance.
Constitution Tray:
- Pressed glass pattern
featuring the frigate U.S.F. Constitution.
Constriction:
- A thicker area on the inside
of a glass tube.
Constructed:
- Techniques that join
combinations of glass with other materials through glue,
epoxies, fusion, bolts, etc..
Continuous:
- A furnace that steadily melts the batch charged in one
end and pulls out hot glass on the other.
Cookie:
- A gather of glass that has been pooled on a marver and
used as the foot of goblets or base for the base of a
piece.
Cookie Base:
- The fat cookie shaped pad that is the base of fruit
paperweights made at the New England Glass Company.
Cool to Room Temperature:
- To allow all residual heat
to dissipate.
Cookstown Glass:
- Crookstown, Pa., glass works
producing bottles and windows glass, from 1831 till 1846.
Copper in Glass:
- Elemental or carbonated oxides produces an excellent
green glass. Reds, blacks are produced when iron and
maganese compounds are added.
Cords:
- Inclusions that appear as
striations of a different composition than the
surrounding glass. Improper and insufficient mixing and
melting of the glass is the cause.
Cordy:
- Term used to describe the
stringy look of badly melted glass.
- Or core technique.
- The use of a removable core
around which the glass is formed. Traditionally, the core
is made of an organic compound (i.e., animal dung), mixed
with a binding agent (often clay). The core is fixed on
one end of a metal rod and provides the interior shape of
a glass vessel.
- Rod forming is the similar
technique, that is used in bead making, but it is
distinguished by a thinner core. Melted glass is wound
around the core.
- The Irish, Cork Glass
Company, produced a fine glass with somewhat gray, smokey
appearance.
- May be marked either on the
bottom or side.
Cornaline d'Aleppo:
- A two layered compound bead,
drawn or wound, often a red tone over white or yellow.
- Thought to be an imitation
of banded carnelian onyx beads.
Corn Ear Bottle:
- The Ear of Corn, blown mold
bottle, was produced from the 1830s till 1840s. Its
ribbing and dotting had the look of an ear of corn.
Corning Glass:
- J. L. Gilliland & Co.,
started the plant in 1822, operated for 45 years,
producing a variety and styles of glass.
- The moved to Corning, N.Y.,
becoming the Corning Glass Company.
- Production included:
- Cut glass
- Hollow ware
- Lamps
- Lantern
glass
- Lenses
- Vases
Corset:
- Victorian novelty bottles
shaped like corsets.
Cotton Stem:
- A stem type from the 18th century. Air is trapped as longitudinal channels, in a
process of elongation and twisting the mass of glass, in
cane making.
Cotton twist:
- Twists of opaque white
glass.
Coventry Glass:
- Glass plant at Coventry,
Conn., in production from 1813 to 1840s.
- Production included:
- Bottles
- Chestnut
flasks
- Free blown
glass
- Historic
flasks
- Inkwells
- Jars
- Mold blown
glass
Covered Wares:
- Early blown glass pieces date from the early eighteenth
century and were sometimes etched, engraved or cut.
- The broader definition is all wares matched with covers
often at convenience.
Cracking Off:
- The removal of an object
from off a pontil. After cooling and scoring, as opposed
to shearing, of the hot glass, the blow pipe is softly
knocked and the object drops into a sand tray, V-shaped
holder held by an assistant.
- Also the tecique for making
a rim on blown vessels, using a piamond point or other
shapr stome and a trail of glass, and the vessel is
separated from the overblow.
Cracking the Valve:
- Briefly opening and closing a valve.
Crackle:
- A method of texturing the surface of glass. Hot glass is
immersed in water, cracking the surface while the inside
stays hot and remains stable.
Crackle Glass:
Craig & Ritchie:
- Wheeling, Va., glassmakers
from c. 1829
to the 1840s.
- Production included:
- bottles
- crown window
glass
- cut glass
- plane glass
- pressed
wares
- vials
Cranberry:
- A light red glass colored with gold.
Crimp:
- A style of tweezers to form glass bits.
- In paperweights, it is a metal tool that is stuck into
hot glass to create three dimensional lilies and roses.
Crimped Cane:
- A vertically ribbed cane.
Crimper:
- Ridged block mold to shape a
bubble of hot glass to obtain the same effect as
gaffering (hand crimping).
- By placing a gather of glass
into a crimper twice doubles the number of crimps in the
glass..
Crimping:
- The act of forming crimps in
hot glass with a crimper.
- Another name for "mushers."
- A tool for flattening glass made of two metal plates on
either a tweezer stule or lier style handle.
- Sometimes used to impress a pattern.
Cristall:
- Italian, Cristallo.
- The term for Venetian soda
glass made with barilla, of the 14th century,
that is made to look like rock crystal (colorless and
transparent). It chief characteristic was its softness or
ductility that allowed intricate working into shape, and
its transparency for the time. Many specimens with the
term often have tinges of pale yellow to that of brown or
gray.
Cristalleries d'Albret:
- Crisseling, glass disease,
sickness.
- Chemical deterioration of
glass is referred to as 'weeping', 'sweating', 'sick', or
'diseased'. It is mainly due to the presence of excess
alkalis in the glass reacting to moisture in the
atmosphere, forming alkaline condensation, or tears, on
the glass surface and creates a fissuring to the glass in
fine gleaming lines, like small cracks, and surface
dulling.
- A common glass fault before
the late 17th century, when George Ravenscroft
remedied it.
Crossbill:
- Scissors-bill flask date
from the fourteenth century Italian and maybe Persian
factories.
- A double flask, or gemel,
with crossed necks for oil and vinegar.
Crowfoot:
- Pattern also know as Yale
that dates from the 1880s or 1890s.
- Pressed glass pattern
featuring a design like ground-pine frond, or crowfoot.
- Also, dome.
- That glass that is above the design of a paperweight.
Crown Weight:
- A hollow paperwieght that alternates bands of colored and
lacy white twists that spread out around a central floret
by the top of the dome and dlows down the sides before
converging by the base.
Crows-foot:
Crown Cut:
- A popular cut glass pattern
from the 1880s to the 1890s.
- Early method of producing window glass.
- Method of blowing and handling glass to make a crown of
glass. A parison is blown into a bubble, cutting off the
blowpipe and then attaching a pontil and rapidly spinning
it to expand the open end forming a wheel.
Crown Weight:
- A paperweight that is hollow
blown.
Crucible:
- Ceramic pots for melting
glass.
Cruciform:
- A reference to glass, mostly
bottles, that have the shape of a cross.
Crucifix Candlesticks:
- Religious candlesticks,
often made for Catholic churches and home shrines.
- Crucifix also denotes
candlesticks with the cruciform base outline such as
Malta or Swiss cross.
Cruet Set
- A paired set of cruets and a
tray.
- Made of milk or clear glass,
usually blown and sometimes having a tooled surface.
Crumb Glass:
- A method of decorating hot
glass by rolling it on small pieces of colored glass.
Crystal:
- Term for the finest lead or
flint ware with the quality like natural rock crystal.
- Full and Lead: Cristal
superieur, full crystal with a lead content of 30%,
compared to half lead that has 24%.
- Patterns of pressed glass
having divided panels with simulated lozenge cutting.
- The art of glass and ceramic
combinations often enclosing ceramic objects with glass
giving them a silvered look.
- A patented name and process
created by Apsley Pellatt, for comeo production.
- Also known as glassed-in
paste or sulfides.
Cullet:
- The glass-maker's assemblage
of glass to be used in hot process that has been
previously melted and cooled.
- Some cullet is commercially
made and cullet scraps can be added to the batch, at 1/4
to ü of total.
- Cullet can refer to leftover
or waste glass.
Cunningham & Ihmsen:
- Pittsburgh City Glass Works,
from the 1850s to 1880s, started by Cunninghm.
- Production included:
- bottles
- colored
wares
- druggist'
wares
- fancy glass
- window glass
- vials
- etceteras
Cunningham, I.S.:
- 1820s glass and china dealer
in Boston, noted for large and diverse inventory.
Cupid and Psyche:
- Pressed glass pattern of
Cupid holding a looking glass for Psyche within a
circular border.
Cupid and Venus:
- Pressed glass patter
depicting Cupid and Venus within an oval band of pearls.
Cups and Saucers:
- Considered having large production of blown and pressed
glass in black and opaque white glass.
Cup-Overlay Method:
Cup Plate:
- The small plate to hold a
tea or coffee cup when it was fashionable to drink from
the saucer.
Curiosities:
- Wide varieties of objects
often made after hours, or offhand work.
- Some curiosities have been
production pieces.
Curling & Price:
- 1827 Fort Pitt Glass Works
in Pittsburgh, Pa., proprietors. Later called the R. B.
Curling & C. (1828), and later the R.BV. curling
& Sons (1831).
- Production lasted
into 1900s and included:
- cut glass
- globes
- lamps
- plain flint ware
- pressed
glass
- shades
- tablewares
Currant:
- Pressed glass pattern of a
wide band of currant clusters and leaves.
Curtain:
- Press glass pattern of
curtained panels.
Curtain Holdbacks:
- Blown or pressed glass heads
for holding back curtain.
Cushion:
Cusp:
- A central pointed stem knob,
or reference to the point where two branches of a curve
meet and stop.
Custard Glass:
- A milk and egg custard
colored variety of opaque white or milk glass.
Cut Carboys :
- Fine and large flint glass
decanters that were cut or engraved and fitted with
stoppers that date from the 1750s to 1880s.
Cut Glass:
- Glass that has been cut with
a wheel of iron or stone and abrasives into decorative
abstract patterns often of flutes and facets.
Cutoff Saw:
- A mechaised abrasive wheel for cutting glass rod and
tubing.
Cyclone:
- A classical pattern of
pressed glass, having wide swirls of oval banding.
- D -
DAB:
- Acronym for Draw and Blow.
Daisy and Button:
- Pressed glass pattern characterized
by cuts aligned vertically, horizontally and obliquely to form
alternating daisies and buttons.
- Production pieces included: clock-cases, frames for pictures, novelty
items and tableware.
Daisy and Diamond:
- Also know as: Daisy in Square, Daisy or Diamond in Hexagon.
- An American pattern of either blown three-mold or mold-blown glass,
the later form thought once to have been made by Stiegel.
- The French glass gactory started in 1918, by Roger Witking, that
began making sulfides in 1967 under the name "Cristalleries
d'Albret.
Dagenhart:
- Pressed glassware producer from eastern central Ohio, until about
1970s when transferred to Boyds Crystal Art. Mr. Dagenhart was 92
on his passing, and his wife was said to lived past a 100.
Dakota Glass:
- The name of a Pittsburgh product line,
made for the Milwaukee company: Blair & Andree.
Date Cane:
- Millefiori canes with numbers of letters that identify
the year of mamufacture.
Daum:
- Important modern crystal glassware produced by the Daum Company
of Nancy, France. Revered for its clear crystal bowls, vases, table
services, lamps, and sculptures that are often decorated with applied
pieces of lightly colored crystal.
Day Tank:
- A furnace that can cycle through its charge and melt during a twenty-four
hour sesstion.
- Usually larger and more expensive than pot furnaces.
- Also called transfers.
- A specialized paper for transferring
design to surfaces such as glass by a process of decalcomania.
Sometimes it is baked onto a surface
- Wide mouthed wine containers having
a decanter shape.
Decolorizing Agent:
- Chemical that are added to glass to clearify it.
Decorative Paperweight:
- A reasonably priced paperweight, made for new collectors, made
in large quantities and often unsigned or signed with a paer seal.
Deer and Doe:
- Deer and Pine Tree.
- Pressed glass pattern of deer (one
with antlers) by a tree.
Design:
- With reference to paperweights, it is the internal decoration.
Devil's Fire:
- With reference to paperweights, it is a mottled, swirled pattern
that is used by Millville.
Devitrification:
- Also known as "devit."
- A deterioration process in which crystals
form in the glass, or appear as a fog or scum on the surface and
give a dull appearance.
- A fault of the manufacturing process
when glass is heated incompletely or unevenly. Also caused by chemical
impurities on the surface, and "cold working".
- Crystallization occurs when glass
in held somewhat below its liquidus temperature, about 1400 degrees
F. for most glass.
Dewdrop:
- Pressed glass patterns dating from
the 1890s through the 1900s, with thirteen or fifteen varieties.
Dewey Glass:
- Glassware made for the Peace Jubilee
in Philadelphia at the turn of the century, named for the Admiral
George Dewey.
- The Admiral likeness was featured
milk-glass platters, colored plates, pitchers, sugar bowls, tumblers,
bottles and dish cover knobs.
Diameter:
- The measure through a circular object at its greatest width.
- In paperweights, it is the common measure of size.
- Blown glass pattern made by tooling and nipping. Known a "nipped
diamond-wise" ordip'd diamond waise."
- Method of blowing a gather of glass into a ribbed mold, where glass
rods were held into the rib, and then nipping the rods to form the
diamond (or diapered) pattern.
- Glass blown into a mold with a diamond pattern, and expanding it
after removal.
Diamond Cut:
Diamond Patterns -- Pressed:
- Patterns consisting of arranged diamond
points.
Diamond Point with Panel:
- Representation of a thistle like pattern
in pressed glass.
Diamond Shears:
- Also called combination shears.
- Scissors with a "jaw" to both cut hot glass, and to grip
hot glass, blowpipes, or punties.
Diaphragm:
- The pressure sendor on a regulator.
Diatretarii:
- Latin
- The term in some Roman legal documents
that distinguish some artisans from the vitrearii (glassblowers). Diatretarii finished
glass by cutting and engraving.
Diatretum:
Dichroism:
- The appearance of one color in relfected light and another with
tranmitted light. Such as with gold fuming, the glass has a metallic
gold appearance in reflected light, but appears blue, pink, or violet
from light shining through it from the back.
- Reference to glass that shows different colors from different lighting.
Didymium:
- The combination of two rare earth elements: neodymium and praseodymium.
- Glass filter lenses made of didymium doped glass absorb infrared
and ultraviolet radiation, and the yellow flare produced by hot glass.
Die Sinker:
- A person who makes metal molds.
Dilution Ventilation:
- Ventilation that dilutes hazardous vapors with fresh air into the
work area with a cross current of air.
Dip:
Dip-Mold Blowing:
'Dip-Overlay Method':
Disc:
Disc Formers:
Diseased:
- Glass flatware: dishes, trays, salvers,
and plates that are blown cut, mold-blown and pressed glass.
Dispensary Bottles:
- Glass bottles having insignias marks,
symbols of organizations, institutions or states.
Doflein, Philop:
- The maker of molds for glass blowing
at the Bridgetown, N.J., Glass Works.
Dog House:
- The opening for charging a continuous
melt furnace.
Dolphin Candlesticks:
- Pressed glass candlesticks of the
Sandwich Glass Works of the M'Kee Brothers of Pittsburgh, and others.
- A dolphin base supports a candle socket
on its tail.
Dolphin Epergne:
- Possibly French for e'pargne--economy.
- A big , shallow bowl with a dolphin supporting a glass tray and
vase.
- A double purpose center dish holding several foods.
Dolphin Lamps:
- Dated from the 1840s or prior.
- They are alike the dolphin candlesticks
but having an oil font instead of a candle socket.
Doorstop:
- Huge pperweights made mostly by midwest
glasshouses in America and English bottlemakers.
Dome:
Domed feet:
- A characteristic of 17th and
18th century glasses, goblets and sweetmeats. The technique
also prevented pontil marks from scratching surfaces.
Dopplewand Glass:
- c. 1760 Bohemian glass.
- Revival of old method of applications
of gold or silver to glass, and coating it with a layer of glass.
Dorflinger Glass:
- Christian Dorflinger (b. 1828), a
glassmaker taught at the Saint Louis factory of Lorraine, France.
Dorflinger came to America in 1846, working in Philadelphia, and
Long Island.
- The Dorflinger museum exist at White
Mills, Pa., where Dorlinger retired and built a small glass works
for fine cut wares.
Double Dipped:
- Glassware featuring one color, often
opaque white on the inside and another color on the outside.
- The dip or inner color is shaped on
a blowpipe and dipped into the outer color for final shaping.
Double Flute:
- Pressed glass pattern.
- Another name for Ashburton.
Double O-G:
- OOG
- Refers to shapes of saltcellar or
vessel having a double ogival curve or line.
Double Strength Glass:
- Standard clear windows glass of 1/8" thickness.
Double Overlay:
Double Pressing:
- Glassware made by pressing the product
twice to achieve the desired form.
Dragged Glass.
Drawer Pulls:
Drawing:
- To pull a glass rod tube out, making
it a smaller diameter.
Drawn Glass:
- The Fourcault method is used to vertically
pull or draw the glass. Also referred to as machine antique glass,
in the past it produced windows glass of uniform thickness.
- Drawn tubes can be cut to produce
uniform beads.
Drawn Stems:
- Drawn stems are usually solid, but
can be hollow as in some champagne glasses. The process pulls the
thicker part of the blob at the end of a blow pipe, as a draw to
form the stem. Often the shape is simple, such as round, oval or
trumpet shaped.
Dry Strength:
- Material strength after drying but
before firing. With reference to overglazes, it refers to surface
bonding capacity, an important property that allows handling.
Duckbill Shears:
- Scissors, often with short blades
and blunt curved tips.
- Used mosty for trimming a glass vessels
lip.
Duncan Glass:
- Factories that the Duncans held interest.
- Production included:
- amberettes
- flint wares
- novelties
- polka-dotted wares
- pressed wares
Duran:
- A trademark of the Schott Glasswerke
for its borosilicate glass.
Dyott, T. W.:
- Noted glass producer who purchased
the Kensington Glass Works to make bottles for his own uses, such
as: medicine chests and medicines.
- Production included:
- bottles
- carboys
- containers
- flasks
- etceteras
- E -
Eagle and Arms Sugar Bowl:
- Pressed glass commemorative of the
Spanish-American War from 1898 to 1900.
- Features four eagles, seperated by
cannon, on slumping shields that make the feet of the bowl.
Eagle Chimney:
- Popular design form 1876 to c. 1890.
- Lamp chimneys and globes with cut or etched eagles.
Eagle Glass Works:
- Port Elizabeth, N.J., glassworks started
by James Lee and others in 1800 and operated until the 1880s.
- A Pittsburgh, Pa., glass plant that
operated from the 1820s to the 1850s.
Eagle Mustard Pot:
- Pressed pattern of milk glass with the head of the eagles forming
the cover of the jar, about five inches high.
Edelweiss Cane:
- A mllefiori cane with a white star
shpe around the core of a yellow rod bundle, the desigh look like
the edleweiss flower, the Swiss national flower.
Edwards Glass:
- Early nineteenth century glass made
at Belfast, Ireland.
Eglomise Panels:
- Glass panels painted on their backs
with landscape or patterns.
- Traditionally the term is from Glomi,
a Parisian who fixed gold leaf onto the the back of glass, cutting
design in the gold and then coating it in colors.
- Chinese work pre-dates Glomi.
Egyptian:
- Pressed glass patterns featuring Egyptian and Greek decorations.
Elasticity:
- The ability to return to initial form after deformation.
Electroforming and
electroplating:
- Thin layers of metal are electrochemically
applied to a glass surface.
Element:
- A resistance coil of wire that heats
up when current is applied. Also a part of a kiln.
Ellenvelle Glass:
- Ellenville, N.Y., glassworks operating
from 1836 to the 1880s.
- Blown glassware's included:
- bottles
- bowls
- flasks
- hollow wares
- tablewares
Empire State Glass Works:
- Francis Thill started this Brooklyn,
N.Y., glass works in the 1850s.
- Production included blown ware
in:
- clear
- colored
- flint
Enamel:
- Vitreous enamel paints when fired to fix the colors create a long
lasting decoration on glass.
Enameled Glass:
- Revived method used by Dutch, French,
Italian and Swiss glasshouses from the seventeenth century.
- Glassware was painted with low temperature
vitrifiable enamels and refired to fix the enamel.
Enameling:
- The technique to decorate glass using powdered colored glass, suspended
in a liquid, applied to the surface of glass and fired to fuse it
onto the glass.
Encased Overlay:
- See overlay glass
- A single or double overlay design
that is additionally encased in clear glass.
End of Day:
End of the Day Glass:
- Offhand work done after hours by glassmakers,
using up glass remaining from the days production.
Engraved Glass:
- Pre-Christian technique that today
uses copper cutting wheels and diamond pointed tools to create
designs in glass.
Engraving:
- The use of a copper, diamond and or
other wheel to abrade the surface, or to use a diamond pointed
tool to stipple the surface. Contemporarily engraving encompasses
etching and sandblasting under the term engraving.
Enamel:
- A durable coating of glass that can
be opaque or transparent and fuses at a relatively low temperature.
It is often applied as a powder to decorate metalwork, pottery,
and glass, requiring a lower melting point than the substrate it
is applied to. Often it is mixed into a compound with a vehicle.
like lavender oil, which allows it to be painted. Firing the object
burns away the vehicle.
Enameling:
- A process for decorating a glass surface
by using finely powdered glass, suspended in a liquid medium, applied
to the surface and fired, so that the glaze fuses to the glass.
Encased overlay:
- A single or double overlay design
that is encased in clear glass.
Epoxy resin:
- A bonding agent of synthetic resin
used to bond glass in laminations and sculpture constructions.
Equatorial:
- Reference to the middle width of a bead perpendicular to its hole.
Etched Glass:
- Method of masking designs on glass
with a resistant media like wax, paper, or asphaltum and then exposing
it to hydrofluoric acid fumes to etch designs
Etching:
Etruscan:
- Pressed glass that imitates cut glass.
Oval "thumbprint" loops alternate with a trio of spearlike
cuts.
Eugenie:
- Pressed glass pattern by the M'Kee
of Pittsburgh works.
- The pattern features leaves, shields
and shields in a French manner and named for the Empress of Napoleon
III.
Excelsior:
- Pressed glass pattern of large thumbprints
and raised loop surrounding them, that made diamonds at their junctures.
Excelsior Glass Factory:
- Camden, N.J., plant started in 1841.
Expanded Diamond:
- Method of applying a tooled diamond
to a gather of glass and expanding it by blowing.
Expansion Coefficient:
Eye Beads:
- An eye like circular motif applied
to or embedded in beads
- F -
Fabricut:
- An open weaved cloth that is carbide
impregnated and has an open weave that facilitates its use to sand
shelf primer.
- Also printy or punty.
- A concave or glat surface made when
a side or top of paperweights are shaped on a grinding wheel.
- Printy often denotes a facet that
is concave
Faceting:
- With reference to paperweights it is a flat cut on the domed surface.
Facon de Venise:
- The Venetian manner of glass making,
or Venetian like materials performed at places other than Venice.
Faience:
- A predeccessor to glass. It is made of partially fuse quartz sand
with mineral coloration, a type of ceramic of a quartz body and glass-like
glaze.
Fan and Diamond:
- Pressed glass pattern by Bryce, Walker of Pittsburgh, Pa., from
about 1875.
Fan Cut:
- Cut glass patterns from the 1880s.
Farley & Taylor Flask:
- Assumed to have been made at the Louisville Glass Works (1855 -
1860s).
- Flasks, quart or half gallon in size, marked with "Farley & Taylor,
Richmond, Ky."
Farrell, Felix:
- From Ireland, Farrell worked at H.W. Stiegel and later the Philadelphia
Flint Glass Works, in Kensinton, Pa., from about 1777.
Favrile:
- See Tiffany.
- A form of glass patented by L. C.
Tiffany in 1894. It is characterized by an iridescent coating on
the surface.
Feather patterns:
- Or festoon
- A feather like pattern achieve by
spiral applications of threads drawn up into pointed vertical lines
in a series of hanging loops or festoons, or up and down applications
with feather like appearance.
- A decorative combing of the surface of glass done by dragging a
tool across parallel lines at a right angles, and in both directions,
to get a feather like appearance.
- A marbrie weight's swag
design.
- A combing technique like feathering, but the glass in combed in
one direction only.
Fiber Frax, Frax:
- A specialized insulating material
used in hot shops, that is hazardous to handle or breath.
- A fiber paper of alumina silicate
used for a fusing surface instead of shelf primer. The fiber impresses
a fine matte finish to glass surface.
- The temperature above the annealing
range in which glass deforms under its own weight.
Fili:
- Also Vetro a fili, or filigrana.
- vetro a filigrana
- Glass canes of a colored center coated by clear glass.
- All varieties of blown glass, composed
of white and sometimes other colored canes.
- vetro a fili: all the canes
form parallel lines
- vetro a retorti (retortoli):
each cane is twisted into a spiral.
- vetro a reticello: canes cross
each other to form a fine mesh, which may trap small bubbles.
- Also known as lace or muslin
- Transparent glass with twist of glass
rods or threads, to make a fine networked pattern.
Fine, fining, fining out:
- Process of melting glass over sufficient
time frees the glass of bubbles. Some glass is easier to fine than
others.
Fire Polishing:
- The removal of tool marks. sharp edges,
or dull surface by reheating a piece at the glory hole. The surface
tension of heated glass draws it smooth.
- Acid polishing is sometimes now used.
Firing Down:
- During the cooling of the annealing
range a small amount of heat is added to the kiln to slow the cooling
rate.
Firing Schedule:
- The fusing cycle record of time and
temperature.
Fire Polish:
- The restoration of surface sheen of
a worked edge by reheating.
Fit:
Fixed Liquid Level:
- The filling of propane tanks by volume.
Flame Annealing:
- The annealing of glass by a torch flame. It is done by gentle heating
of glass, right below its softening point, and letting it "soak" at
that emperatire for a couple minutes and allowing it to cool slowly.
Flame Cutting:
- To cut glass with a flame.
Flame Ware:
- See pyrex.
- Glass that is resistant to cracking
at room temperature when exposed to flame.
Flame Working:
Flammiform:
- The form of a flame used for decorated
effect. Often this is done at the end of wrythen molding.
Flare:
- The tooling of glass tubing to spread an end outward.
Flash:
- The thin coating of transparent colored glass that is applied to
a paperweights base.
- A flash overlay applies the glass over the whole paperweight.
- To briefly heat a piece of hot glass to maintain its temperature
to prevent cracking.
Flashing:
- Also dip overlay.
- See fuming, flash..
- Technique of fusing a glass of one color, dipping, onto the outer
surface of a gather of glass that is a different color.
Float Process:
- The process of floating molten glass over a bath of molten tin,
where it spreads to an even thickness and a fire polish.
Floor Model:
- A piece of glass that has hit the floor, obviously.
Flux:
- Chemicals, such as lead, soda, potash, used to lower the melting
point ot the silica components of glass.
Field & Clark:
- Glass cutters of Utica, N. Y., from about the 1820s to 1840s.
Figural Bottles:
- Term for blown glass bottle with the look of the human form.
- Also term used for bottles of animals, fruits and vegetables.
Figural Candlestick:
- Usually pressed glass candlesockets supported by a caryatid.
Figural Glass:
- Ranging from busts to half or full length figures from England
in 1850.
Figured Pressed Glass:
Filigree Glass:
- Art glass made of different colored canes fused along thier legths
and then twisted while heated creating an interanal spiral of alternating
colors along the length.
Fine Cut:
- Pressed glass pattern that initates cutting into bars and lozenges
by crisscross diamond and diapering.
Fine Ribbed:
- Pressed glass pattern like Bellflower,Grape or Ivy but without
the appearance of those namesakes.
Fire Extinguisher Bottle:
- Bottle of many forms that held fire extiguisant fluids.
- The period of 1870s to 1880s propered the invention of many novel
devices.
Firing Glasses:
- Drinking glasses from the 1650s to 1850s with overly thick stems
and strong bases to pound tables in applause.
Fish Globe Cage:
- A blown gold fish bowl that held a bird cage in it's hollow interior.
Fish Scale:
Fislerville:
- A New Jersey factory started in 1850
- Production included:
- bottles
- containers
- flasks
Flaccus Glass:
- Glass made at Wheeling, West Verginia.
- Production included:
- novelties
- tablewares
Flag:
- 1870s: experimental tiles of slag or black glass in flat or tile
form used for roofing.
- 1890s: pressed glass patterns with of a band of stars with molded
verticle stripes used on:
- creamers
- pitchers
- sugar bowls
- other products
Flanged Cover:
- Glass covers having the glanged skirt inside atheir rim that fitted
into bowls or other glass products.
- The flanged designed was used through the eighteenth and part of
the nineteenth centuries.
- Used in general until about 1805 when the gallaried rim was produced.
Flashed:
- A thin coating of different colored glass, seen in section much
thinner than casing or overlay.
Flashed glass:
- Sheet glass with two layers of different colors and usually thicknesses.
Sandblasting and etching creates shading and if fused onto a third
color, the nature is for fused glass edges to turn up creating a
natural outline.
- Aslo flashed
- Also known as 'dip overlay method',
flashing dips and then fuses a thin layer of different colored
glass onto a glass surface. The process is repeatable to create
multicolored layered glass.
- See fuming.
- Also nosegay.
- Aslo refers to the design of some paperweights.
- A design where components such as
flowers and leaves, or cane to depict them, are lain flat and parallel
to the base.
Flat Diamond with Panel:
- Pressed glass patterns of deamond like lattices seperating oval
panels.
Flat Sawtooth:
- Pressed glass pattern, like Sawtooth, but having diamond patterns
with flattened points.
- An American term of the 19th century
for fine, lead glass.
- The term originates from the original
experimentation with powdered flints instead of lead oxide.
Flip:
- Drinking glasses usually of over ten ounces in size.
Floating Glass Works:
- A riverboat, mentioned in publication in 1842, that had a glassmaking
facilities that operated on the Ohio River. This operation made the
first factory on a boat as well as the first store boat to produce
its own wares.
Float Process:
- The process of floating glass on a
surface of molten tin, that spread the glass into uniform thickness
with a fire polished surface on both sides.
Floret:
Flower Pattern Glass:
- Pressed glass pattern of numerous forms of floral depictions.
Flower Troughs:
- Pressed glass trays or troughs made from the 1860s, in different
forms and pattern, for floral arrangements.
Flower Weight:
- Paperweight that have a lone flower as the main subject.
Flue:
- The chimney of a furnace.
Flutes:
- Pressed glass pattern having tapered panels and curved tops creating
the lines of the glass work.
Fluting:
- Vertically surfaces cut in long narrow
section, sometimes molded but usually cut with a wheel.
- Upright markings on pressed glass
where the space between the markings are wider than the markings.
Flux:
- Chemicals such as soda, potash and
lead, that lower the melting point of the main silica body of the
batch, promoting fusion and flow. Flux added to colors of enamel,
allowed them to melt before surface onto which they were applied
to.
- Venetian glass, soda ash
- Bohemian, potash.
- Forest, wood ash.
- Lead crystal, lead oxide.
Fly Trap:
- Literally, fly traps of glass dating from the 1840s.
- A stopperd, short decanter like glass having a "bumped up" bottom
with a opening that sat on a footed ring.
Folded Foot:
- The edge of a foot that is turned under to form a sturdier double
rim to rest a glass piece. An important feature for fragile soda
glass that disappeared with the arrival of lead glass.
Folded Rim:
- Also, folded foot
- A narrow border (turned under) of
double thickness glass on the edge of a vessel, often on the foot,
provides greater strength and chip resistance on fragile glass
such as soda. The appearance of more durable lead glass decreased
its need and use. A 19th century variation, folded over
glass feet, offered protection against damage.
Foot:
- That part of a glass object that actually
rests of a surface, as opposed to the base.
Foot Flattener:
- The tool that flattens the foot of
stemware, often made of wood.
Footed Decanter:
- Novelty decanters from the 1820s imported by I. S. Cunninghom of
Boston and assumed to be of English or Irish production.
Footed Ware:
- A glass objects having a base attached.
- Many forms of footings exist.
- Also pedastal weight or piedouche.
- A paperweight that has a pedestal with a flange on the bottom.
- A usually green glass of Middle ages,
and later, forest glasshouses of central and northern Europe. Iron
impurities in the available sands created the green tones, and
the glasses were often fluxed with potash from the furnaces.
Form:
- A heat resistant objects that is used
to form the glass, such as in the slumping process.
Founding:
- Process of making glass in a furnace
by melting and fusing the materials.
Four Petal:
- Pressed glass pattern of circles placed to form four petal that
are seperated with squares. The veined petals form wquares in the
circles and have a dot or circle centered in each larger circle.
FOW:
- Acronym for Fold Over and Wipe.
- Method of building up hot glass on
the work.
- 1. The Franklin Glass Works was started in 1812 in Warwick, Mass.
- Production included:
- bottles
- bowls
- vases
- vials
similar glass ware
- 2. The Franklin Glass Works was started in 1861 by Gillinder and
others at Philadelphia. It later was known as the Gillinder Glass
Works.
- The factory moved to Greensburg, Pa., in the 1880s and later merged
with U. S. Glass Co.
- Production included:
- bottles
- blown glass
- cameo glass
- camphor glass
- candlesticks
- lamps
- novelties
- shades
- 3. A Franklin Glass Works existed at Malaga, N.J.
Free-blowing:
Free Will Glass:
- The Free-Will Glass Manufactory was started in 1835 at Williamstown,
N.J..
- Production included:
- bottles
- glasks
- vials
- In the 1850s it merged with the Washington Glass Works.
Freezing Range:
- Temperature range at which glass solidifies.
- The traditional term of the personal
(craftsman) or the pieces they produced for personal or decorative
use, or as a present to family members, or as an article to sell
to friends or neighbors.
- An end of the day piece.
Frigging:
- English
- These were after hours products that
used up left over glass and were sometimes called end of day glass
Frit:
- Also called jimmies.
- Glass that has been crushed or ground
into powdered graded sizes for later use to add color.
- Also, a calcine mix of fluxes and
sand to melt into glass.
- Protective dust mask gaurd against
silicosis with powdered glass.
Front Loader:
- An annealer with the door hinged on
the front.
Frosted Artichoke:
- Pressed glass pattern of an artichoke leaf in arranged either as
a pyramid or over all application.
Frosted Eagle:
- Clear glass wares that had etched decor and frosted knobs or finials
formed of eagles.
- The bases were corded and of low footing.
Frosted Glass in Patterns:
- Any patterned frosted glass.
- The book Early American Pressed Glass by Ruth Webb illustrates
many.
Fruit Knives:
- Made in the 1840s at Paris.
Fuchsia in Square:
- Pressed glass patterns of the fushsia flower and foliage in somewhat
tapered square panels.
Fugitive:
- An elusive characteristic such as
color or visual effect that is short lived or hard to control.
Full Fuse Temperature:
- Temperature, 1550 to 1620 F., which
glass melt to form a flat surface.
Full Mold Blowing:
- See Blowing, Full Molded, Full Blown Molded.
- Also called flashing.
- Vapor deposition of a thim film of
metal on the surface of glass such as: gold, silver, or platinum.
This creates either a color tine, iridescence or shiny metal surface.
- Coating a glass surface with a thinly
sprayed film of metal chlorides that creates a wrinkled, iridescent
sheen to the surface.
- An apparatus that can make or melt
glass to needed temperatures. A glory-hole in the furnace allows
access to the molten glass.
Furnace Glass:
- Glass that has come out of a furnace to be worked.
- Also knows as drawer pulls.
- Glass objects, for furniture, made from the eighteenth century,
either blown, cut, or engraved.
Fuse:
- The application of heat to join two
things together.
Fuse to Stick:
- The lowest temperature when fusion
occurs and glasses stick together, but still retain respective
characteristics with no flow between the individual layers of glass.
Fused Quartz:
- A glass made from pure silica (SiO2). It is very resistant
to chemicals and thermal shock.
- It is used for high temperature work.
Fusing:
- A process of taking two or more pieces
of glass and melting them together.
Fusing Ranch:
- Founded in 1980, this was a research
and education laboratory for the craft of glass fusing and study
supplies used in the craft. Noted for an expensive lawsuit that
occurred in 1993.
- G -
Gadget:
- A specialized rod with a
plunger activated spring clip on its end to grip the foot
of newly made glass objects, while the worker finishes
the piece. The replaces the pontil and avoid the mark a
pontil would leave. When the work is finished, the glass
can be remotely dropped into a bed of sand before
annealing.
Gadrooning:
- A decorative band used on
Venetian glass, jelly glasses and lower parts of the
bowls of some drinking glasses. It originated from a
popular silver form of molded, applied or cut sections of
reeds.
- Also known as sandever.
- Those impurities that come to the surface of molten glass
during production and is skimmed off for the pure metal
beneath.
Gallatin - Kramer:
Gaffer:
- English, corruption
of the word grandfather.
- The head glassblower of a
factory team. Used to describe the Master of a
"chair" or glass working team.
Galle:
- Art Nouveau glassware made
by the Frenchman Emile Galle in the late 19th and early
20th centuries. He made heavy, deeply colored--almost
opaque--decorative bowls and vases with distinctive
raised designs of leaves, flowers, vines, fruit, and
animals on the surfaces. These pieces showed a slight
Japanese influence, which was of popular interest at the
time.
- Blown glass of the nineteenth century having a rim to
hold the cover from extending into the vessel..
Galvanometer:
Garage:
- An insulated space to "park" piece at annealing
temperature for later work.
Garfield Drape:
- Pressed glass with the bust of President Garfield
surrounded by drapery.
Garland:
- The wavy patter created with one or more chain of
millefiori canes.
G.A.S.
- The acronymn for the Glass
Art Society.
Gasket:
- A heat seal of ceramic fiber
between the kiln and its door.
- See parison..
- A gob of molten glass on a
punty or rod before it is blown.
- To collect glass onto the
punty or pipe, by dripping and twirling.
Gathering:
- The collection, from the
furnace, of hot (or soft) glass onto the end of the blow
pipe and the pontil.
Gauze:
Geneva Glass:
- Glass made at the Geneva Glass Manufacturing Co., from c.1812.
- Production included:
- bottles
- hollow ware
Gentlemen Glassmakers:
- c. 1200 to the mid-eightieth century, Bohemia,
England, France, Italy, Spain and the Netherlands.
- Gentlemen, such as nobles and clerics who learned
glassmaking, practicing it as an art, and who often owned
the factories where they worked..
Gilded Glass:
- Process where designs of brown oxide of gold are painted
on glass and then fired in a muffle furnace.
- In American glassworks it was not often used before 1825,
but found popularity from the 1850s to the 1890s.
Gilding:
- See gold
leaf gilding and gold
painting.
- Gold applied to glass either
as a gold leaf onto a fixative or powder gold mixed with
a fixative that is painted or brushed on and fired.
Alternately, gold leaf is fused between two layers of
clear glass. Gold application dates back to ancient
times.
- See also Brooklyn
Glass.
- Glass works started in 1820 by John Gilliland and R. and
J. Fisher at New York City, and operated a short time.
- Production included:
- bottles
- colored glass
- cut glass
- flint tableware
- plain glass
Gillinder Glass:
- See Centennial
Glass and Franklin
Glass Works.
- William T. Gillinder arrived in America in 1854 for a job
at Cambridge Glasss, but worked for various glass
factories. In 1861 he bought a bottle factory in
Philadelphia and named it the Franklin flint Glass Works,
which later became Gillinder & Sons.
- Gillinder was known for his paperweights.
Glass:
- A product of quartz sand, soda or potash, and lime. The
silica is the main component. Soda or potash, alkalies,
limit the melting point of the silica. Lime adds atrength
to glass as it cools, preventing brittleness.
- The ingredients are melted at about 1,200 o C.,at which time the atoms of the different components
become fluid and distribute themselves randomly, proper
cooling freezes that atoms in their random arrangment.
Glass Agate:
- Marbles of agate colored glass.
Glass Blowers Chair:
- A workbench with extended arms and seat extending to one
side for holding tools.
- Metal strips on the arms
provided stops, onto which the glass makers pipe or
pontil could be rotated in a lathel ike manner to work
the glass.
Glass Blowing:
- Art of shaping molten glass
by blowing air through a tube.
Glass Buttons:
Glass Caps:
- Eighteenth century blown pieces similar, but rarer than
glass hats.
- Some pressed glass pieces also were made.
Glass Cement:
- A binding mixture such as: caustic soda, resin, water,
and plaster of Paris; used to attached glass and metal.
Glass Disease:
- A durability defect of
glass, leading to disintegration, due to a wrong balance
of oxides and is unusually high in alkali or low in lime.
It is characterized by surface moisture and dulling, and
crizzling.
Glass Fabric:
- The first production was by Signor Olivi of Venice in
1830.
- Generally thought to be twentieth century.
Glass Floors:
- Opaque colored pressed glass tiles were produced in the
1840s by P. Hewens.
- Wide varieties of glass hats were produced, starting in
the seventeenth century, and were widely blown during the
eighteenth century. Nineteenth century production
include: blown mold, hand blown and pressed glass forms.
Hats usually were small containers, or trash receptacles,
for things like matches, toothpicks and other small
items.
Glass Keys:
- Dark ruby glass piano keys were produced during the 1840s
in Bristol, England in place of ebony.
Glass Line:
- The top level glass reaches in a charged furnace.
Glass Pens:
- Blown lead glass pens, finished by grinding or cutting,
were produced during the 1840s.
Glass Pincher:
- The workman who used a
shaped pair of tongs to pinch a small amount of hot glass
into buttons or other objects such as chandelier parts.
Glass Pot:
- The crucible that holds the glass mix for melting inside
of glass furnaces.
- Traditionally they were made of fire clay.
Glass Rod:
Glass Screws:
- The threads on glass pieces, such as lamps and vases, are
made of pegs of glass, placed in a forming mold and
screwed out, forming threads in the soft glass.
Glass Shades:
- The bells or covers used for clocks and other pieces.
- Also, glass maker's soap.
- Manganese oxide additions to
melted glass clears the mix and removes green colors from
aluminum and iron. The degree of green is adjusted in
this manner.
Glass Thimbles:
- An experimental item produced during the 1930s, but not
distributed.
Glass Weaving:
- Also, crocheting, lace, spun work.
- To connnect stiches (rows of arches) in a uniform manner,
creating a glabric of glass.
Haggerty Glass Works:
- The factory at Brooklyn, N.Y., started in the 1850s and
produced until the1890s.
- Production included:
- bottles
- carboys
- green glassware
- hollow ware
Haik Brush:
- A natural fiber brush, with absorbent and retentive
properties, good for the application of shelf primer and
other suspended products.
Half Post:
- Similar to pillar
molding, it is the German method of patterning blown
glass. A parison is dipped into hot glass, then plunged, in part, into a
mold.
Half Molding:
Hamilton:
- Pressed glass pattern depicting an imitation band of
cutwork styled after Irish forms of Cork or
Stourbridge and having rayed flute on top and under
- Hamilton with Leaf omits the fluting and adds
horizontal bandings of leaves.
Hamilton Glass Works:
- The Hamilton Glass Works was started by Coffin and Hay in c. 1814 and operated until the 1850s.
- Production included:
- bottles
- flasks
- offhand work
Hand:
- Pressed glass pattern having twos rows of alternating
clear and diamond pointed panels.
- The finials and handles of covered pieces featured a
clenched hand with a baton.
Hand Coolers:
- Early Victorian glass object, solid or hollow blown,
having an egg shaped form, used by women to cool the
hands.
- There were many forms and were often were elegantly
decorated in paperweight manners.
Hand Pressed:
- Glass pressed in a hand
operated machine.
Hand Puffer:
Hard Glass:
- See borosilicate.
- Borosilicate glass and others that have a high melting
point.
- "Soft" glasses are lead or soda-lime glass.
- The factory was started in 1813 at Glassboro, N.J. and
became the Whitney Glass Works in about 1837 or 1838.
- Production included:
- bottles
- flasks
- tableware
- vials
Harp:
- Pressed glass pattern of six panels with a lyre each.
Hats:
Hat Bottle:
- Blown glass forms with short necks and an opening in the
crown that probably were used as inkwells. Bottomless
pieces were made by a lone worker, who unaided formed the
hat.
Head Beads:
- Often relatively large beads
of heads with facial features and elaboration's, made at
the lamp out of contrasting opaque glass.
- Also, known as Bull's Eye and Heart.
- Pressed glass pattern depicting heart shapes divided by
large thumbprints, or bull's eyes.
Heart Divided:
- Pressed glass pattern of hearts as a band, with the
hearts divided by vertical bars.
Heat:
- Physical energy produced
from combustion, friction, electrical or chemical action.
- The total quantity of
kinetic energy of an object, not the
"temperature." An example is two objects of the
same material, but different sizes, at the same
temperature; the larger object has more heat.
Heat Base:
- The quantity of heat of an item of glass.
- Reading the heat base accounts for the amount of heat and
its distribution through an object. This allows an
estimation for how much heat needs to be applied to glass
to work it.
Heat Sheild:
- Any device that is placed in
front of a heat source for protection from the heat.
- To saturate with heat for a
period of time in a kiln.
Heat Transfer:
- The movement of heat through
convention conduction and radiation.
Heintisch, Charles:
- Charles Heintisch ran an apothecary at Lancaster, Pa.,
and was a volume dealer of glass.
Herringbone:
- Pressed glass pattern of alternating narrow panels that
had the appearance of herringbone weave.
High/medium/low switch:
- An electrical control switch
for two kiln elements.
- Low: both elements
work at 25% power.
- Medium: one elements
works at 100% power.
- High: both elements
work at 100% power.
High Rock Bottle:
- Sarasota water bottle, from the second half of the
nineteenth century, having a blown molded depiction of a
high rock and the date 1767 (the time of the springs
discovery).
- The legend on the bottles are: "High Rock Congress
Spring C&W Sarasota, N.Y."
Historical Glass:
- The term used for glassware that commemorate events such
as political campaign and memorial wares, as well as
events such as the circus, theatrics and also
personalities.
Historic Flasks:
- Commemorative whiskey flasks that depict portraits of
people and emblems of movements, memorials, societies,
and trends.
Hobnail:
- Pressed glass patterns depicting bosses in the manner of
hobnail heads.
- With reference to paperweights is a succession of
V-shaped grooves cut into the base, at right angles to
each other, that creates a grid pattern.
Hochschnitt
- German
- Relief cut or engraved
glass.
Hofkllereiglaser
- German
- Glass work supplied to the
German court buttery, often a term used for enameled
glass.
Holder, Holding Tongs:
- Glass making tool to carry hot glass.
Hollow Stoppers:
- Blown glass stopper were the fracture, from the pontil,
is on the bottom of the piece. The bottom may be opened
or pinched shut.
Hollow Ware:
- A metalworking term used for
all containers, and us used for objects that are hollow
and are used as containers.
Holloware:
- A mealworking term for all containers as opposed to flat
item; drinking glasses, jars, etc..
Hollowed:
- Reference to a concave
surface like a hollowed diamond or thumb print.
Hollow Weight:
- Blown paperweights that have a hollow core or bubble.
- Technique used for crown weights and to incase lampworked
figures.
Honeycomb:
- Pressed glass pattern that is styled as cut facets that
look like a honeycomb.
Honeycomb Cane:
- Millefiore canes that show cell patterns, like a
honeycomb, in scross section.
Hookah:
- Arabic
- An Eastern form of water
pipe.
Horn of Plenty:
- Pressed glass pattern depicting concentric rings and
cornucopias originating from the center and ending in
ovals which alternate as thumbprints and waffles.
Horseshoe:
- Pressed glass pattern with handles or knobs on covers of
having a horseshoe form.
Hot Cast Porcelain:
- The term derives from the patent application for opal or
milk white glass
Hot Shop:
- A facility where hot glass
is worked.
Hot Wire Method:
- A method of cutting glass
tubing. A resistance wire heats a scratch around the
diameter of a tube; then, it is cooled with a damp cloth,
cracking the glass.
Huber:
- Press glass pattern of a series of flat, narrow and
vertical panels.
Humpen:
- German
- Large cylindrical beakers
often of enameled glass.
Hunting Goblets:
- Blown goblets of fine glass with cut panels on the sides
and carved, overlaid hunting scenes.
Hyalos:
- Greek
- Glass works translucent and
colorless facets.
Hydrated alumina:
- I -
Ice-Glass:
- Also verre craquele, broc a glaces.
- Know also as 'crackle glass', a paraison
of soft glass is plunged into cold water, early in the blowing,
fissuring the surface. After slow reheating and final blowing,
the web of cracks enlarges, creating a frosted look and a restored
surface. The French terms refer to one of two Venetian techniques
revived in the 19th century.
Icicle:
- Pressed glass pattern of vertical fluting making a series of waves
on top.
Idealized Fusing Cycle:
- A firing schedule of two heating and
four cooling stages: initial heat, rapid heat, rapid cool, anneal
soak, anneal cool, cool to room temperature.
Ihmsen Glass:
- Glass made the factory started c. 1810 at Pittsburgh,
Pa., by Ihmsen & Company. It later became the Pennsylvania
Flint Glass Works and operated through the 1890s.
- Production included:
- cut
- brown glass
- bottles
- engraved wares
- hollow wares
- off hand
- vials
Incandescence:
- Visible light emitted from a hot object.
Inclusion:
- An element of glass or a foreign body
enclosed in glass.
Incrustation:
- The technique of enclosing a sulphide with glass.
Independence Hall Bank:
- Glass bank having the form of Independence Hall, c. 1876.
Industry Tea Plate:
- Assumed to be Ohio glass, similar to pressed glass of the Boston & Sandwich
Glass Co.
- These pressed pieces featured a plain edged tray having a stippled
background and a centered log cabin surrounded by four scenes: a
farmer plowing, a glass factory, a clipper ship and another farmer
plowing.
Infinite Switch:
- A temperature switch for a kiln that
determines the percentage of on time of the elements.
Initial Cane:
Initial Heat:
- Unfused layers of glass are heated initially to just above the
strain point and is down slowly to avoid cracking the glass.
Inkwell Tumblers:
- A drinking glass formed by blowing a parison into a "inkwell" mold,
extended, shaped and sheared.
Insufflated:
- A synonym for blown.
- 1920s reference to blown molded glassware.
Insulation brick:
Intaglio:
- Italian
- An engraving or wheel cutting technique
cutting into substance of glass beneath the surface plane; the
reverse of cameo.
- Also a pattern pressed into glass.
Intarsia:
- Italian
- Described by Frederick Carder with
this borrowed woodworker term for designs applied to the surface
of colorless parison and replied with crystal.
Inverted Fern:
- Pressed glass pattern depicting fern fronds over vertical ribbing.
Inverted Thumb Print:
- A generic reference to pressed glass patterns of thumbprints extending
as bosses on the inside of a piece, rather than the outside.
Iridescence:
- See weathering.
- A rainbow of surface colors created
with a thin coating of metal or other materials.
Irridizing:
- The decoration of a glass surface with a spray of metallic salts
to give an iridescent finish.
- Requires local exhaust ventilation.
Iridizing Solution:
- Metallic salts dissolved in weak acid
that is sprayed on the surface of hot glass that produce a surface
of rainbow colors.
Irish Glass:
- Connotation to fine glass.
- Reference to glassware made at Ballycastle, Belfast, Bublin, Cork,
Londonderry, Newry, and Waterloo. Irish glass often posses slight
blue smokiness, and often is cut and engraved.
Iron Oxides in Glass:
- Differing the amount of iron oxide in glass provides a range of
colors from green, in low amounts, to yellow in higher amounts and
brownish-black at yet higher amounts.
Isaacs, Lazarus:
- Lazarus Isaacs came to the Philadelphia area, from London, He contracted
with Henry W. Stiegel in 1773 to work at the Stiegel plant in Lancaster
County, Pa., until 1774.
Isabella Glass:
- The factory which was promoted by the Stanger family at Isabella,
N.J.
- Production, from 1848 to 1868, included:
- bottles
- flask
Islington Glass:
- The glass works Islington England was directed by Mr. Rice Harris c.
1840s to 1850s.
- Production included:
- blown
- cut
- engraved
- plain
- pressed
- varicolored wares
Ivy:
- Pressed glass patter depicting vertical ribbing around a piece
with superimposed ivy leaves.
- J -
Jack Down:
- To use jacs to put a crease or neck
into a piece.
- Also known as pucellas
- A tong like metal tool for shaping
glass while blowing.
Jackson Glass Works:
- Glasswork started in 1827 at Waterford, N.J.
- Production included bottles and hollow ware of: clear, pale green,
blue glass.
Jackson - Mantua Flask:
- Production of this flask is traced to the Mantua Glass Works.
- Flask is noted because of the mistake in the cutting of the mold
left the "A. Jackson: reversee. The mold was recut and production
pieces show evidence of the mistake.
Jacobite Glasses:
- Dating first from the early seventeen hundreds, these glass cemmemorated
the Stuart line of Kings of England. Several forms over the years
were made, and different portraits and sentiments embellished them.
Jacob's Coat:
- Pressed glass pattern of a series of patches, in d`ecor,
like that of a quilt.
- Known in clear and yellow glass.
Jacob's Ladder:
- Pressed glass pattern mimicking the cutting of lozenge, forming
tiers, that appear as a ladder. The ladder panels alternate with
one of fine diamond point.
Jacony Salt:
- Believed to be a reference by H. W. Stiegel to handled basket saltcellar.
Jam Pots:
- Also, honey pots.
- An early jam or honey pot with a high lid for a ladel or spoon.
Jamestown Glass:
- The first American glasshouse known was started at Jamestown, Va.,
between 1610 and 1611.
- The facilities, first manned by eight imported Dutch and Polish
blowers, was notably crude. It is assumed it produced crude black
or dark green bottle, and is known for its bead (probably in colors)
production that were used for trade with the Indians. It it also
known to have produced window glass.
Jarves, Deming:
- b. 1790, d. 1869.
- Deming Jarve became a "glass factor," wholesale sales
agent in 1818 and had an interest in the New England glass Co., Cambridge,
Mass. In 1825 he helped start the Boston & Sandwich Glass Company.
He later help start the Cape Cod Glass Works in 1858.
- In 1854 he published Reminiscences of Glass Making.
- He is considered the second most publicized American glassmaker,
after Stiegel.
Jasper, Jasper Ground:
- A mottled ground of small particles
of glass often in two colors that imitate jasperstone.
Jeanne D'Arc Bottle:
- A blown molded bottle portraying a woman in early Victorian garb,
holding a tablet. The mark "D.D. Deposee Lorraine" was
impressed upon the bottom.
Jersey City Glass Company:
- The factory was started in 1824 and produced untill the 1860s.
- Production included:
- bottles
- cut glass
- druggists' wares
- fancy bottles
- flasks
- flintware
- gilded glass
- lamps
- offhand work
- plain glass
- pressed glass
- vials
Jimmies:
Johnson Glass Works:
- Also known as the Aetna Glass Works.
- The factory was started in the 1790s at Frederick, Md. and was
shortlived.
Jug Decanter:
Jump Ring:
- A small ring that connects pieces of jewerly.
- K -
Kaleidoscope:
- A style of a lense shaped glass button with a tin backing and painted
with colored flecks.
- Another type with a thin lens and back by Eglomise decoration,
in black and gold, or painted in colors bay have been Dutch or French.
Kaligraphic Ornament:
- A Bohemian glass cutting technique that mimics calligraphy or elegant
pen work applied in all over ornamentation.
Kantharos
- Greek
- A bell shaped drinking cup stood on
its foot and having a pair of side handles.
Kaolin:
- Al2O3 * 2 SiO2 *
2 H2O
- A major ingredient of shelf primer
and crucibles. Also known as China clay that fires to a white color.
Keene Glass:
- Glass made at Keene, N.H., by either the Keene Glass Works or the
New Hampshire Glass Works from 1815 to 1850.
- Production included:
- cut ware
- historic flasks
- pictorial flasks
- polished wares
Kensington Glass Works:
- A factory started in the eighteenth century and named the Kensington
Works in 1804.
- In 1825, Dr. Dyott had an interest in the factory, calling
it the Philadelphia & Kensington Glass Factory.
- In 1833, Dr. Dyott gained control of the factory renaming Dyottville
Glass Works. Dyott failed in 1838.
- The factory remained active under different management until 1926.
- Production included:
- bottles
- carboys
- colored wares
- drug jars
- flint wares
- historic flasks
- mineral water bottles
- pickle jars
- preserve jars
Kent Glass:
- A partnership among Edmunds & Parks, at Kent, Ohio produced
bottles, flasks and blown three mold wares from c. 1825
through c. 1835.
- Production of the factory started in c. 1850 by Kent,
Wells & Company in Kent, Ohio. It shortly became the Franklin
Glass Company and then the Rock Glass Works in 1864.
Kentucky Glass:
- Production of the factory started in 1850 by Taylor, Stanger,
Ramsey & Company
of Louisville. It was taken over that year by Douglass & Taylor.
In 1856 it was taken by Douglass, Rutherford & Company. In 1859
taken by Krack, Stanger & Company.
- Cut glass made by local cutter of the area who procured blank glass
from the above factory or Pittsburgh or Wheeling.
Ketchum Glass:
- Production of the factory started in 1840 by Daniel Ketchum at
Linden, N.J., and operating until the 1880s.
- Production included:
- candlesticks
- decorated wares
- offhand work
- ornamental wares
- vases
Kevlar:
- A synthetic fabric used for protective gear such as bullet proof
vest and heat resistant gloves.
Kewbas:
- The production of novelty glass by Union Glass Works of Somerville,
Mass. The novelties were colored glass over milk white glass and
coated with clear glass.
Kick:
- A concavity formed by the pontil in
an object's base. It can add strength and surrounds the pontil
mark so as it will not damage surfaces that it rest on. At the
apex of a kick can often be found the mark of the pontil.
Kiln:
- Apparatus for heating glass to a temperature
lower than a glass furnace, but higher than a lehr, in which fusing
and slumping can be done. Working temperature ranges from 1200
to 2400 F where fusing and slumping can be done. The temperature
can be reduced to serve as a lehr.
Kiln sitter:
- A mechanical device that automatically
shuts off a kiln when it has done its heat work.
Kiln wash:
Kimax:
- A trademark of the Kimble Glass Company for a borosilicate glass
like Pyrex.
Knife:
- A knife of a rectangular blade, often made from hard substances
such as tungsten carbide.
- Used for the "Scratch and Break" method of cutting
glass.
Knife Edge V Blade:
- A tool for making a sharp constriction.
Knights of Labor Beer Mug:
- A handled beer mug impressed with a gentleman's figure shaking
hands with a knight and lettered with "Knights of Labor."
Knobs with Screws (Glass):
- A one piece furniture knob invented by Deming Jarves or the
Boston & Sandwich
Glass Company. The knobs consisted of a glass pull, outer shank,
and heavy glass screw.
Knop:
- A term to cover a number of shapes
used for a knop or bulge that are used in stems and finials of
wine glasses.
Kugler:
- A term for color.
- A brand name of color bars from Germany.
Kugler Oven
- A small oven for prehating glass pieces.
- German
- A German flask of the late Middle
Ages and on, also in Venetian and facon de Venice glass
of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. They were characterized
by necks divided into several tubes.
- L -
Lace:
Lace Globe:
- A large globe shaped vessel that served as a lens to focus light
from candles and lamps onto the work or lacemakers.
- Such a globe was used in professions such as: cameo and gem cutters,
and watchmakers.
Lacy Glass:
- A mold pressed glass characterized
of an fully ornamental surface of a diaper ground of dots to place
the primary motif.
Lafayette Fruit Jar:
- A glass preserve jar that had the silhouette bust Lafayette with
his name.
Lafayette Glass:
- Reference to glass commemorating Layfayette's visit to America
in 1824 to 1825.
- Also used to refer to glass made at the Lafayette Glass Works.
Lafayette Tumbler:
- Blown molded tumblers inscribed with "Welcome Lafayette."
- Assumed to be made for sale to banquet committees of towns visited
by Lafayette.
Lalique Glass:
- Glass produced by Ren'e Lalique of Paris, from 1906.
- Glass in the forms of blown, cut, decorated and pressed was made.
Also known are French perfume bottles.
Laminate:
- Glass construction technique that
glues together layers of glass.
- Two sheets of gloat glass with a intermediate
layer of transparent plastic in between by an application of heat
and pressure.
Lamination:
- The process of layering together sheet
or plate glass with bonding resin.
Lamp:
Lamp Bead:
- Tradiationally, beads of cottage industries in Murano and Venice.
Beads were made at a lamp from rods of glass.
- Today, beads that made at a lamp.
Lamps:
- Many forms of blown and pressed glass lamps are known.
- Blown varieties include cut, mold-blown, overlay, plain and in
combination.
- Often mechanisms brought up fluid from a lamps reservoir.
- Glass chimneys and globes were produced for lamps, starting in
the 1700s.
- Also flame working.
- Techniques that apply localized heating
to glass rods and tubes, with specialized lamps, lending the term
'lamp work'.
- The working of glass rods and tubes
at a bench with a small flame of a gas blowtorch, and manipulating
it with tools such as tongs, knives, forceps, shears and other
small tools.
- Also the making of representational
paperweights.
Lanay - Hautin Glass:
- Pressed glass from Paris, France, produced by the factory of Lanay-Hautin.
- Often mistaken for Sandwich glass.
Lancaster Glass:
- The Lancaster, N.Y. factory was started in the 1840s, becoming
a employee co-operative in the 1880s, and continued production to
the 1900s.
- Production included:
- bottles
- bowls
- flasks
- jugs
- lily pad creamers.
- offhand work
Lapidary:
- The lapidary is a person who uses cutting, flaking, grinding and
polishing to shape and finish a product.
Last Supper Trays:
- Pressed glass trays that excellently portrayed Da Vinci's Last
Supper.
- Assumed to date after the 1880s.
Lateral Pressing Molds:
- A glass mold with sliding lateral pieces that allowed the removal
of pressed glass with side wall impressions.
Latticino:
- Also known as latticinio.
- See Zanfirico.
- A basket weave pattern; or lace a
uniformly chaotic pattern..
- An archaic Italian term for describing
vetro a filigrana. It is a lacy looking glass of embedded opaque
white rods that form that pattern.
- Glassware made by embedding a vessel
of clear glass with threads, or canes, of opaque--usually white--glass
so as to form patterns of vertical stripes or spirals on the sides
of the vessel. When the threads formed a netlike pattern with an
air bubble in each free space between the threads, it was called netzglas, or
net glass. A specialty of Venice in the 16th century.
Lattimo:
- Italian, means milk, derived
from latte .
- Describes an opaque white glass of
tin oxide or arsenic. A traditional source of decorative canes.
- Single threads and collapsed tubes.
- a fili:
-
Cable twists.
- a retorti:
- a retortoli:
- a filigrana:
Laub und Bandelwerk :
- German
- Leaf and floral strap work of decorative
patterns.
Lava Glass:
- This form of glass was produced by the Mt. Washington Glass Works
from the 1870s.
- It is believed that volcanic lava was added to the sand and lead
mixture to make the glass.
- Urns and vases were the dominant production, some pieces were antiqued
with acids.
Lavender Oil:
- A binder for applications of enamels,
its is a light oil made from the lavender plant.
Lazerville Glass:
- The Lazerville Works at Wellsburg, Va., produced bottles and vials
from the 1840s.
Lead Crystal:
- A colorless glass fluxed with 20 to
30 percentage total of lead oxide.
Lead Glass:
Leading a Crack:
- To cut a large tube with a starting crack ing leading it around
a tube by touch ahead of the crack the molten end of a small rod.
Leaf Formers:
- Angled or flat.
- Molds on the end of pliers for making imprints of leaves in hot
glass.
Leaf Patterns:
- Many forms and variations of leaf exist.
- A partial listing includes:
- Acorn
- Barberry
- Budded Ivy
- Cabbage
- Holly
- Ivy
- Ivy in snow
- Maple leaf
- Sprig
- Stippled Ivy
Lee:
- Pressed glass of the Empire period, named for Ruth Webb Lee.
- The pattern has a double line or beveled pointed ovals with the
point down and around the piece.
Leerdam:
- Fine modern glass colored in shades
of green, gray, blue, purple, and yellow. Manufactured by the Royal
Leerdam Company of The Netherlands, Leerdam glass is one of the
best-known kinds of glass in the world today. Unica, glass pieces
of especially high quality, are also produced by this company.
Lehmann, Caspar:
- A metal engraver employed by Emperor Rudolph II who developed methods
for cutting and engraving glass.
Lehr:
- Italian, corruption of l'era.
- Apparatus for annealing glass, consisting
of a long continuous annealing oven that moves pieces along by
hand or automation to different temperatures of stages of annealing.
Also, used to fire enamels and luster painting on glass objects
at low temperatures.
Lennox Glass Works:
- Factory started in 1854 at Lennox, Mass. and operated under different
management until the 1870s.
- Production included:
- bottles
- druggist wares
- paperweights
- plate glass
- specialties
- vials
Libby Hats:
- Commemorative frosted glass hats sold at the World's Clumbian Exposition
at Chicago in 1893.
- Marked with "Libbey Glass Company, Toledo, Ohio" impressed
inside the crown.
Liberty Bell:
- Pressed glass pattern depicting the Liberty Bell sold at the 1876
Centennial.
- Gillinkder & Sons produced plates and novelties depicting the
Liberty Bell that were marked with "100 years ago," and
dated 1776-1876.
- Sapulpa, Okla.
- Originally started as the Coffeyville Glass Company, Caffeyville,
Kansas, in the 1900s by George F. Collins. The factory produced pressed
glasswares until it was destroyed by fire.
- Collins went to Sapulpa, starting the Premium Glass Company that
produced pressed tableware.
- Collins went into partnership with H.U. Bartlett and operated two
plants as Bartlett-Collens Glass Company that split up in 1918. One
plant retained the name and the other took the name Liberty Glass
Company.
Lighthouse Bottle:
- c. 1890s
- A bottle shaped like a lighthouse sitting on granite blocks, with
the top clear panel depicting the lighted section of the lighthouse.
Lily Pad Decoration:
- A vessel characterized by a gather
drawn up around the base into four or more curved and rounded skin-like
projections.
Lime Glass:
- Glass that has no flint or lead, which characteristics are achieved
by chalk, sodium bicarbonate, sand and niter.
- The glass was developed by Leighton at the plant of Hobbs, Bruckunier,
at Wheeling, Va., c. 1860.
- Lime glass became the choice for pressed glass by 1866.
Lincoln Drape:
- Pressed glass pattern depicting swags of drapery with large pendent
tassels.
Linear Coefficient of Expansion (LCE):
Liners:
- Early silver dishes were damaged by salt, glass liner are used
to protect the metal and often has patterns that display the color
of the glass liner.
Lion Glass:
- Pressed glass pattern depicting the head, or figure of a crouching
lion with extended forelegs as knobs on cover, or the depiction of
lions on clear or frosted bands.
- Also a pattern of lion heads on stems and figures on plates.
Liners:
- Glass liners that protect metal (silver
in days of old) dishes from pitting damages from salt. Blue is
the most popular color for liners.
Lion Mask Stem:
- A blown stem made in a mold of two
festooned connected lions' masks.
Lip:
- A gather of glass or bead on the edge of an open tube.
Lip Wrap:
- A thread of often colored glass added to the mouth of a vessel
usually before fully opening it.
Lipper:
- A wooden tool used to widen lips and shape rims and spouts.
Liquidus temperature:
- The temperature point where crystals
dissolve when melting, or form when cooling.
Liquid gilding:
Little Harry's Night Lamp:
- A small lamp about one and a half inches high, thought to have
been made at Sandwich.
- Ventilation that removes hazardous fumes or vapors from a work
area and brings in fresh air.
- A fume hood is an example of this type of ventilation.
Lockport Glass:
- Factory started at Lockport, New York, in 1840 and operated to
the twentieth century.
- Production included:
- bottles
- flasks
- hollow wares
Log Cabin:
- Pattern used on glass in the Harrison presidential campaign.
- Pattern of a log cabin on bottles, cup plates, and pressed wares.
Logan, John, Plate:
- Portrait plate of pressed glass with the depiction of John Logan,
a vice presidential candidate of the James G. Blaine campaign. It
was produced in 1884 and has a border of Gothic pointed elements
and circular scallops.
Long Barrel Bottle:
- A bitters bottle having the legend "Bourbon Whiskey Bitters," and
the form of a high barrel with ten hoops.
Loop & Dart:
- Pressed glass pattern, having many variations.
- The designs main element is a series of loops with pendent (hanging)
darts.
Loop & Jewel:
- Pressed glass pattern having delicate festoons of the classic Greek
tradition.
Loop - Drag:
- Decorations of glass threads applied to glass in clear or contrasting
colors. These are tooled in forms of loops onto the glass object
and marvered into the surface of the hot glass object.
Loop Stich:
- The lace work of rows of connected loops, uniform in shape and
size.
Lorenz Glass:
- Glass produced by Frederick Lorenz, a German who learned at, and
purchased the O'Hara Works at Pittsburgh in about 1819, and operated
it until approximately 1838.
- Lorenz also purchased other glass factories and was a abundant
producer.
- A casting process that uses a wax
model embedded in clay and baked, melting the wax ( which is lost
), creating a mold into which molten glass can be poured. The mold
is broken, and the glass object retrieved.
Louisville Glass:
- Reference to glass made in Louisville, KY by the Kentucky Glass
Works at a time when Louisville rival Cincinnati and St. Louis for
Mississippi Valley trade.
- In 1850 the plant advertised private mold and bottle production.
- By 1860 production included:
- confectioners' glass
- druggists' wares
- lamps
- tumblers
Ludlow Glass:
- Glass made by Ludlow, Mass., Manufacturing company from the mid
1810s.
- Production is believed to been bottles, and possibly off hand work.
Luster, Lusters:
- Metal oxides suspended in organic
binders, leave a thin layer of meal oxides that fuse to the glass
during firing.
- Also luster painting.
- The use of metal oxides such as silver
and copper to create a stain when fired. The flame reduces the
silver and copper and appears as a yellow to reddish brown films
that fuse onto the glass as a lustrous sheen.
Lutz, Nicholas:
-
A glass blower from Saint Louis, Lorraine who came to the US
and worked at the Dorflinger's Plant at White Mills, at Boston & Sandwich
factory, at Mt. Washington Glass Works and at Somerville, Mass.
-
He was a noted glass blower that worked in the Venetian manner,
striped and cane glass, paperweights and luxury specialties.
- M -
Macedoine:
- Paperweights that contain mostly filigree twists.
Maestro:
- Italian for master.
- The Mastro usually head a team of glass workers.
Magic Inkstand:
- A bottle that held a solid ink in the form of a salt, that inked
several fillings of water.
Magnum:
- Paperweight over 3 1/4 inches in diameter.
Magnum Decanter:
- Containers that date from the eighteenth century and held two or
more quarts of liquid.
Magoun, Joseph
- An investor who worked for the New England Glass Company. His patents
for them improved pressing methods.
Maid of the Mist Cup Plate:
- Small pressed glass plate that depicts the suspension bridge below
Niagara Falls and the steamboat "Maid of the Mist."
Mailbox Bottles:
- Blown molded bottles having the shape of 1890s style letterbox.
Malaga Glass:
- The factory started in 1810 as the Franklin Glass Works, by the
Stangers at Malaga, N.J.
- Production included:
- bottles
- flasks
- hollow ware
Malti:
Mandrel:
- A rod or wire that a glass bead is wrapped onto.
- They are made from: stainless steel (most common), bamboo splints
, brass, ceramic, and rolled copper foil.
- Paperweight patterns of colored looped bands originating from a
cane on the top of the paperweight and runs on the side to the bottom.
The design components are lie close to the surface of the dome.
Marbled Glass:
- Glass that shows marbling in tints and striations.
- Also known as agate, calico and mosaic.
Maria:
- The area of a rod or tube that has been expanded by compressing
its length.
Marinite:
- A refractory insulation board used
instead of a kiln shelf.
Marked Pontil:
- Or Marked Bull's Eye
- Reference to the stamping by makers of crown glass with their initials
or name onto the pontil mark of the crown.
Marquesette:
Marshallville Glass:
- Glass made during the 1820s at the glass factory at Marshallville,
Md., also known as the Cumberland Glassworks.
- Production was mainly hollow ware and window glass.
Martins Ferry Glass:
- Glass produced from the factory at Martins Ferry, VA., in the area
of Wheeling.
- Mostly bottles were produced from 1850 and pressed glassware after
the 1860s.
Marver:
- French, corruption of the
term marbre, "marble."
- The flat polished, stone, like marble,
or metal surface onto which the hot glass gather is pressed and
rolled into shape. Also, adornments such pieces of glass or gold
leaf can be applied by marving.
- Also, to marver is to shape glass
by rolling it on a marvering surface.
Marvering:
- To form glass on a table or flat surface
of stone or steel.
Mary's Lane Glass:
- Glass made at the Mary's Lane Works at Dublin, Ireland from 1746.
Massachusetts Glass Company:
- Factory started at Charlestown in the 1850s and operated until
the 1870s.
- Production included:
- amber glass
- black bottles
- green wares
- jars
- Also called disc formers.
- The for squeezing the end of a hot rod to make a flat, round disc.
Mature:
- A desired point of firing enamel,
glaze etc.
Mauerl, A. W.:
- German glass cutter and engraver and is thought to have learned
the art in Bohemia, worked in Germany and in London from 1699 to
1710.
Maw & Son Glass:
- A London firm whose wares were imported into the United States
by Peter Van Schaack & Sons, of Chicago largely from the 1870s
to 1880s.
- Imported were: heavy and large glassware such as druggists' display
jars and merchandise jars up to twenty gallons in capacity.
Maysville Glass:
- Glass produced at Maysville, KY during the 1820s.
- Production included:
- bottles
- bowls
- flasks
- philosophical glass
- vials
Mazarene Blue:
- A purplish blue color, somewhat like unltramarine, that is used
as ground color or overlay color.
McCully & Company:
- A noted Pittsburgh PA company, started by Craig & O'Hara.
- McCully & Co. operated the Empire, Phoenix, Pittsburgh Glass
Works, and the Sligo Glass Works started in 1820.
McKee, J. & F.:
- A Pittsburgh, PA glass manufacturers.
- S. & J. McKee produced bottles and flasks from 1834.
- A factory started by J. & F. McKee from 1850 produced:
- barroom glass
- decanter
- flint wares
- lamps
- molded glass
- pressed glass
- preserve jars
- tablewares
- wine bottles
Mechanic Glass Works:
- Little record is available of this manufacturer other that a quart
flask with molded sheaves of grain and a legend "MECHANIC GLASS
WORKS PHILADA.," and probable dates of from the 1840s to 1860.
Medallion:
- Pressed glass pattern of panels and decorative element found in
amber, blue, clear, green or yellow colors.
Medicine - Bottle Hats:
- Glass hats blowing a parison into a mold of a bitter or medicine
bottle and formed into a hat
Medford Glass:
- Glass made at made Medford. N.J.. The factory was a cooperative
in the 1840s, under other management by the 1820s and operated to
the twentieth century.
- Production was fancy tablewares.
Melt:
- The batch of molten glass.
Melting Point:
- The temperature, which below, glass acts as a solid and when above,
it can be shaped.
- The definition by the ASTM is when a round fiber, 0.65 mm. in diameter
and 235 mm. long, heated at a rate of 5 +/- 1 degree Celsius, will
elongate under its weight at a rate one mm. per minute.
Merese:
- Primarily ornamental, and providing
added strength, it is a one or more small flattened ring of glass
usually between the bowl and stem, or the stem and foot of a glass.
Metal:
- The tradtional term for glass in the
molten state.
- The term referring to the body of
glass during and after manufacture.
Metal:
- The material of molten or cold glass
that distinguishes it from the object that is made.
Metalic Overglaze:
- Fine particles of metal that produces
a shiny metallic surface on glass.
- Also, mezza-stampatura, or half molding.
- The process for making the ribs on
the lower part of a blown glass vessel.
Milk Glass:
- Or opal glass.
- Opaque white glass originally made
in Venice before 1500 and in Florence between 1575 and 1587, where
it was intended to simulate porcelain. In Northern Europe it was
made only to a very limited extent, with rare 17th-century examples
coming from Germany and Bohemia. In the 18th century, some milk
glass was produced in England as well. Widely used to make tableware,
especially covered dishes with figurines of barnyard animals on
their lids.
Milk Bottles:
- A general description is a wide necked sloping shouldered bottle,
usually of a pint or quart in volume. Lips often were ringed and
indented to allow oversealing over the top.
- Custom dairies used bottles before 1870.
- Large scale production of milk bottle in the United States began
in about 1886.
- Any opaque white glass that looks like milk in color, like Chinese
porcelain.
- The first Opaque white glass was soda glass.The oxide of tin is
added to lead glass to achieve the milk color at Bristal, England
in c. 1750.
- The method was known by the Greeks (perhaps the Egyptians also),
and was produced during the sixteenth and seventh century and became
popular in the United States beginning in the 1820s.
Milled Treading:
- An application of decorative ribbons
and threads notched by runner like a roulette, or repeated indentation
by edges of tongs (pucellas).
Milled Ring:
- Vertical grooves that decorate collars,
foot rims and trailings.
- Italian means a thousand flowers.
- A mosaic of glass that is blown and
embedded with thin sliced sections of multicolored glass canes
to form concentric bands and flower like designs.
Millefiori canes:
- The process of making millefiori patterns
by enclosing shapes of glass in concentric layers of glass. The
canes start out thick but are finished by drawing them. Traditionally
two men walk away from each other, drawing out the cane, laying
the cane into forms o the floor to cool. Canes are sliced thinly
to be used as millefiori pattern for paperweights, door knobs or
stops, bottles, etc..
Millefleurs:
Millville:
- In 1806, James Lee started the first factory at Millville, N.J.
- In 1832 Mr. F. Schetter of Baltimore started another glass works
at Millville, that produced green glassware.
- The Whitall interest assumed both plants before 1854 and became
the Whitall-Tatum Works. Production included:
- bottles
- druggists' wares
- flasks
- inkwells
- jars
- paperweights
- philosophical wares
- perfume bottles
- novelties
- vials
- wares for medicine and nursing
- The fine "roses" paperweight was produced from the 1880s
to the 1900s.
- The factory made marked atmospheric fruit jars that were produced
by the millions.
Minerva:
- Pressed glass pattern that depicts the warrior goddess Minerva,
medallions of the form are surrounded by rings of pearls.
Miniature:
- Paperweights up to 2 inches in diameter.
Mirror Glass:
- The first glass mirrors are credited to a French glassmaker, who
in 1290 backed flat glass with sheet lead. This method spread to
Italy by a Fleming. Such glass mirrors were the cheap mirrors of
the Middle Ages.
- Good glass mirrors were made of plate glass, first at Venice.
- The Vauxhall Works of Buckingham, England produced mirrors that
used tinfoil gloated on a mercury film.
- Silver glass novelty wares were blown with a double wall, mercury
was deposited between the two walls.
Mirror Monogram:
- Monogram technique where letters are
reversed to make a mirror images with symmetrical ornamental form.
Missisquoi Bottle:
- These were Saratoga water bottles made at the Congressvill, N.Y.
factory, for waters of Missisquoi Springs.
Mitre cut:
- A sharp groove in glass made with
a V-edged wheel.
Moil:
- See overblow.
- That portion of a gather surrounding
the blowpipe, or punty, supporting the glass on the end.
- Waste glass left on a blow pipe or
pontil. It is knocked off, into a collecting bin as cullet.
Mold:
- Or mould.
- See blowing, casting, overblow.
- Forms of refractory material, metal
or wood used to shape glass. Molds can be patterned, and the mold
process assures that identical results can be obtained.
Mold Blowing:
- To blow into a mold to finish the
shape and patterns, or into a mold with desired patterns that is
then shaped by blowing.
Mold Marks:
- Marks in pressed glass that appear between parts of a mold. Such
marks are less pronounced during initial production, but as the molds
wear the marks become more pronounced.
- More advanced molds hides the marks into the designs of the molded
glass.
- Dating from the nineteenth century
when gobs of glass where squeezed between two parts of a mold.
Also denotes the pressing of a mold onto hot glass, or exerting
force other than blowing onto glass, to shape.
Molded Glass:
- The term usually designated blown molded glass that has been blown
partially or wholly in a mold.
Molded Glass - True,
Molten:
- A physical state of being made liquid
by heat, or being melted.
Montage:
- The assemblage of different pieces of tubing, often different colors,
that has been blown into form.
- A montage may be twisted or altered in other ways to yeild a elaborate
pattern of its colors.
Montague Cut:
- Cut glass pattern popular in the 1880s and 1890s.
Montauk Cut:
- Cut glass pattern introduced as a named design in c. 1885.
Monteith:
- The term originates from big punchbowls with serrated edges that
hung stemmed drinking glasses.
- The term refers to sherbet glasses having the form of steeple salt
cellars, which imitate the Bristol salt cellars.
Monument Lamp:
- Lamps having a conical glass reservoir on a pressed glass base
of monument form that is marked "N.E.G.Co.," (New England
Glass Company."
Moonstone:
- The term designates glass semi opaque milk glass that looks like
the moonstone gem.
Morning Glory:
- Pressed glass pattern depicting the flower, leaf, and vine of the
morning glory.
Mosaic:
- Objects formed by fusing of thin slices
and lengths of canes.
Mosaic Cane:
- A glass rod of different colors that run the length of the rod
and its cross section have a colored pattern, so that the rod can
be cut into wafers or murrini to exhibit the design.
- The general term is a matrix of embedded
colored patterns of opaque glass.
- The name is given to purple and whites
glass pressed in fluted design, made in the 1880s and 1890s.
Moscow Glass:
Mosque Lamp:
- A term describing the outer shell
of lamps used to light mosque that where characterized by first
three and then six loop handles for suspending chains.
Moss Cane:
- A elaborate cane made of green rods that may have a central white
rod.
Mother of Pearl Glass:
- A processed glass which achieves its look by thin coatings of colored
glass and treatment with acid fumes.
- The Phoenix Glass Company made much of this glass.
Mould:
Mould Pressing:
- The technique of quikly pressing a mould onto soft glass on a marver.
Mount Pleasant Glass:
- Glass produced at the Mount Pleasant, N.Y. factory that was started
in 1846.
- Production was amber, dark green, and olive green glass and included:
- bottles
- cornucopia flasks
- flasks
- hollow wares
- medicine bottles
- some Saratoga water bottles
- Success-to-the-Railroad flasks
- Townsend Sarsaparilla bottles
Mount Washington Glass Company:
- In 1837 the company was started by Deming Jarves at South Boston.
- Paperweights and plaques were made there.
Mount Vernon Glass:
- Glass made at Vernon, Oneida County N.Y., from the 1820 through
the 1840s, when production was moved to Mount Pleasant.
- Production included:
- bottles
- container
- historic flasks
Mount Vernon Mark:
- Refers to stamping impressed on a gob or prunt of glass. Such stamps
had a space for the mark of the party for whom the glass was made
for.
- The Mount Vernon mark was a top line "MT. VERNON" and
bottom line "GLASS CO."
- Many factories produced custom marked prunt wine bottles. The practice
is a vestige of the eighteenth century when the well to do bottled
their own wines.
Mount Washington Glass:
- The South Boston, Mount Washington Works was started in 1837 and
merged with the Pairpoint Manufacturing Co. in 1894.
- Production included:
- blown lamps
- blown wares
- candelabra
- chandeliers
- chimneys
- cut
- globes
- pressed wares
- etceteras
Mounted Glass:
- Techniques to protect edges and/or
display glass with metal mounts. Pewter was a metal used to mount
glass until the 18th and 19th centuries when
silver became more commonplace Gold has also been used, particularly
for items like small boxes and objets d'art. Hallmarks help date
glass, but dates for glass may be actually older. Mounting also
is a way to display pieces such as bowls or fragments otherwise
not salvable.
Muffle kiln:
- An apparatus for heating materials
without exposure to direct fire, and can be placed inside a furnace.
An example would be a low temperature kiln for re-firing glass
to fix enamel or gild.
Mug:
- The general designation for any glass tumbler of any size having
one or more handles.
Mullion:
- The vertical strip between the panes
of a window.
Mullite:
- A substance with a high alumina content
that produces a particular mullite crystal that has excellent refractory
characteristics. It is used for kiln shelves.
Murano:
- An island by Venice with a tradition of glassworking.
Murano Glass:
- An act of the Doges in 1292 moved the glassmaking industry of Venice
to this Adriatic island. This was to prevent the art of glass making
from going to other lands.
- Most glass that is called Venetian is in fact Murano.
Murrini:
- Italian
- Wafers of glass cut from mosaic cane that show its cross section
design.
- A modern form of glass mosaic characterized
by big pieces and streaks of different colored glass, rather than
geometric designs of millefiori glass.
Museum Jar:
- A glass jar with a lid that seals hermetically with a screw and
washer and was used to preserve museum specimens in alcohol.
Musher:
- A paperweight.
- Also Tuft.
- Millefiori canes arranged in a vertical
and spreading mushroom or umbrella shaped bundle. The close or
concentric designs usually are encircled by a spiral torsade about
the base.
Mushroom Stopper:
- A stopper for decanters used from 1775 through the 1840s.
Muskingum:
- Any glass produced at factories in Muskingum County, Ohio.
- Factories included:
- Flint Glass Works
- Puman Glass Works
- Sullivan factory at Zanesville
- White Glass Works at Zanesville
Muslim:
- N -
Nailhead:
- A pressed glass pattern displaying broad panels of lattice work
and having nailheads or bosslike elements at the intersections.
Nailheads, Glass:
- Decorative glass heads for nails and range from a quarter inch
to three inches; and may be blown, cut,engraved, molded or pressed
glass.
- Glass nailheads were first produced in the eighteenth century.
Nailsea Glass:
- Any glass produced at Nailsea, England.
- Denotes a style of mottled and striated glass of two or more colors
that are mixed with milk white glass and having loop, mottled, splashed
or swirled effects.
Napoleon Bottle:
- Bottles having the shape of Napoleon. It is possible attribution
error as the bottles may date from the mid 1800s.
Neck:
- The constricted part of a vessel by the lip.
- To cut in a transfer point by pressing in with jacks, usually by
the moile.
Neck Seal:
- Chestnut shaped bottles having a rounded bottom and a seal impressed
on the prunt of glass, or a gob of glass on the neck.
- Also known as bootleg or saddle bottles.
Neck Wrap:
- Also called a moile wrap.
- A way of keeping heat at the neck or moile by adding a hot gather
of glass around it. This can prevent cracking if the area is becoming
stressed.
Nelly Bly Glass:
- Glass that honors the newspaper woman Elizabeth Cockrane, "Nelly
Bly."
- Production generally was novelty glass, the lamp and platter set
depicting Nelly in traveling garb was widely distributed.
Neologist:
- A vague reference, often as a joke word, for people who work with
neon.
Nerd:
Nevers Figures:
- Glass toys in the forms of glass figurines and animal like objects
produced at Nevers, France.
- Used in creches.
New Albany Glass Works:
- Glass works started in c. 1812 at New Albany, PA. that
operated into the 1890s.
New Amsterdam Glass:
- Production from the two glass houses of the Dutch community of
New Amsterdam, (Manhattan).
- The works of Johan Smede' started in c. 1650.
- The works of Evert Duykinks, started in c. 1652.
New Boston Glass Co.:
- The glass company started at Perryopolis, PA., in the 1810s.
New Bremen Glass:
- Glass works at Cambridge, Mass., started by Deming Jarves in 1826
and produced through 1826.
- Production included:
- bottles
- carboys
- ink bottles
- jam pots
- mustard jars
- snuff bottles
- etceteras
- Glass house started by Albert Gallatin, in 1797, at New Geneva,
PA.
- The factory was purchased in 1803 by the Kramers, partners and
employee and operated to 1847.
- Production of free blown and pattern molded glass included:
- bottles
- bowls
- creamers
- footed bowls
- jars
- flips
- goblets
- milk bowls
- tumblers
- sugar bowls
- etceteras
New Granite Glass Works:
- Glass works started by at Stoddard, H.H., in 1865 and operated
through 1871.
- Production included:
- bottles
- hollow wares
- snuff jars
New London Glass Works:
- The glass works started in the 1850s at New London, Conn., and
operated through the 1860s or 1870s.
- Production included:
- bottles
- flasks
- jars
- vials
New York City Glass Works:
- See Gilliland Glass.
- Started by Stephen Long in c. 1820.
- Production included:
- frosted glassware
- plain glassware
- novelties
Newcastle on Tyne Glass:
- Glass produced at this location in England since the sixteenth
century and imported to America from the eighteenth century and through
the nineteenth century.
Newel Finials:
- Glass balls for decorating the tops of stair newel post.
Newel Posts:
- The paperweight post on the end of a flight of stairs that supports
the handrail.
Niagara Falls Platter:
- Pressed glass platters depicting a frosted design of the falls
with a clear sky.
Nibbles:
Nipt (Nipp'D) Diamond Waies:
- Neighboring ribs or embedded rods
on a vessel of hot glass are pinched or nipped to produce a diamond
pattern. The ribs sometimes are made with mezza-forma.
- The design is Venetian and the term
Ravenscroft (c 17th century).
Northwood, H.:
- A glass expert who came to America from England in the 1880s, working
at the LaBelle and Bridgeport (Buckeye) Glass Works at Bridgeport,
Ohio.
- He operated his own works at Indiana, PA., from the 1890s to 1900s.
- He was known for his fine pressed wares in "custard glass," a
off white milky glass.
Nosegay:
Notched:
- Folded edges or V-shaped cuts such
as in cut glass.
Novelties:
- The general term for small pieces.
Novelty Bottles and Vials:
- Numerous varieties of glass produced from the mid eighteenth century
through the twentieth century.
Nuppenbecher:
- German
- Beakers characterized with green bases
and thorn like prunts.
Nursing Bottles:
- Also known as "ninny bottles and were made at American glass
houses from the mid-eighteenth century.
- Early bottles were conical and engraved and cut, often fitted with
silver nipples.
- Later models were bulbous or flat ovals with glass nipples and
often had a filling and cleaning hole at the center of one side..
- O -
Obsidian:
Oenocheo
- Greek
- An ovoid jug with large loop handle
and flat bases and often a trefoil lip for pouring.
Off Hand Glass:
- US, see frigger.
- Hand made glass, often other than
normal production work, such as done for pleasure.
Off Hand Glass Blowing:
- The gathering and working of a gob of hot glass on the end of a
hllow metal tube or rod.
Ogival:
O'Hara (Pittsburgh) Glass:
- The O'Hara Works was the name used for several factories consolidated
by the Lyon interest at Pittsburgh during the 1870s.
- Production included:
- cut glass
- engraved wares
- fine blown wares
- fine pressed wares
- gilded glass
- specialties
Ohio Glass:
- Reference to glass made at one of the many Ohio glass plants.
Opal Glass:
- A dense white glass with impressed over all with floral pattern.
- Dishes have a looped openwork rims or borders.
- The ribbed and banded patterns have panels and floral medallions.
Opalescent Glass:
- Glass the has a milky iridescence
like an opal created by William Barr of Steubenville, Ohio, c. 1888.
Opalescent Rib:
- Pressed glass pattern with vertical ribs, swirled or plain, of
opal or bluish opal glass.
Opaline:
- A book shaped or rectangular paperweigh of opaqe or transparent
opaline glass that has a somewhat raised nosegay, oval medallion
or milleifiori patterns inside.
- A Clichy line of work.
Opaque:
- Not transparent or translucent, but
impenetrable by light.
Opaque twist:
- Also known as the cotton twist in
US
- The use of opaque white and other
colored rods that are twisted and patterned, then drawn into thin,
workable rods for decorative work.
Opaque White:
Openwork:
- Reference to the edges or rims of glass with an openwork patter
of loops, swirls, and swags after the style of nineteenth century
porcelain. Generally it was pressed in milk white glass, and often
dates after 1865.
Optic Mold:
- A upside-down cone shaped mold with
internal ribs to form glass. Optics are usually made of aluminum,
brass or bronze and come numerous shape and sizes.
Optical Glass:
- Used in microscopes and cameras, is
prepared more carefully than any other glass. It must be free of
bubbles, ripples, or streaks. The two main classes of optical glass
are crown glass, which has low refraction and dispersion, and flint
glass, which has high refraction and dispersion.
Orrefors.
- Phenomenal 20th-century glass made
in Orrefors, Sweden. It is characterized by uncomplicated decoration
yet careful interest to engraving detail. The glass can give the
observer a feeling of looking at liquid caught in glass. Ariel
glass has air bubbles making designs in blankets of colored or
uncolored glass. From 1915 to 1917 the painters Simon Gate and
Edward Hald developed the Graal process. Colored decorations,
in relief, are encased in a coat of colorless, transparent, crystal
to make a smooth surface.
OSHA:
- Occupation Safety and Health Administration.
- The government agency that establish guidlines for work place safety,
such as: safe handling of hazardous materials, and fsafety equipment.
Oval Miter:
- Pressed glass pattern in the Ashburton tradition with a series
of pointed ovoid forms
Overglaze:
- A material made with finely ground glass and applied to a prefused
surface of glass, preventing devitrification and making a very glassy
finish.
- The small part of the paraison, that
remains between the mold and the blow pipe. It is usually removed
after annealing by cracking off.
Overlay:
- The outer edge of cased glass.
- The method of applying one color over
another.
- Often an acronym for cased glass.
- A cased glass of layers of different
colors that have been cut to expose the layers of colors.
- Double overlay has two outer layers
of different colors.
Overlay Imitation:
- A novelty glass that possibly dates from the 1870s, that used a
resist form of blowing and treating glass to create an overlay effect.
Overlay Lamps:
- The lamps, with true overlay, were made from the 1850s with many
dating from 1860, and burned kerosene or coal oil..
Overlay Paperweights:
- Paperweights coated with one to three
layers of colored glass that have been cut with windows to view
the inner design.
Overlaying:
- The creation of two or more fused
layers of different colored glass by one of three methods:
- Casing: cup overlay method.
- Flashing: dip overlay method.
- Casting: flat production, such as
cameos.
Overglaze:
- Finely ground glass, applied as a
powder or suspension, of particular composition and applied to
pre-fused surfaces. This avoids devitrification and a glassy surface.
Overshot:
- Reference to glassware novelty art ware, made at Sandwich, with
icy sharp crystalline finish.
Oxide:
- Compounds of elements combined with
oxygen. Several oxides are important in the production of glass.
- Silicon
- Sodium
- Potassium
- Calcium
- Lead
Oxidizing:
- An oxidizing flame is high in oxygen and is usually hotter and
more defined than a reducing flame.
- P -
Pacific Glass Works:
- Glass works started in 1867 at Potrero, CA.
- Production included:
- bottles
- hollow wares
Pad:
- The area of a hot shop where glass blowing takes place.
- Also block.
- A curved wooden paddle for shapeing
the dome of a paperweight.
- A wooden paddel for shaping glass,
that can be soaked in water.
- Also can be used to offer protection
form heat.
P.A.E. Hat:
- Souvenir glass hats of Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo,N.Y.,
dated 1901.
Palmer, Richard:
- A Philadelphia importer of Bristol and Irish glassware during the
1790s to 1800s.
Palmette:
- Pressed glass patter depicting palm leaf and palm leaf in diamond
pointing with stipple band.
Panel Weight:
- Paperweights with clusters of canes making sections separated by
either: canes,exposed section of the ground, filigree twist, or rods.
Pantaloon Eagle:
- Early flasks that featuring an eagle with large legs as if surround
in feathered pantaloons.
Pantin Glass:
- The company started by E. S. Monot at La Villette, by Paris, as
the Monot et Cie. It moved to Pantin, No. 84 rue de Paris.
- Production included:
- chandeliers
- crystal glasses
- paperweights.
- perfume bottles
- tumblers
Paper:
- The term used for folded wet newspaper. It's flexible and offers
protection to use in shaping hot glass by the feel of hand.
Paper Glass:
- A development of Schonbein, of Basle, Switzerland (after his invention
of gun cotton).
- Paper, treated with a catalytic, was made transparent, strong and
flexible to form into bottles and window panes.
Paper Weights:
- The fashioning of paper weights, as a vogue, started in the 1830s.
- A glass ball around a decrative pattern.
- Refers to latticino, millefiori and colored weights,( but not sulphides),
as well as forms such as: animals, fruits and flowers.
- Or parison.
- See gather.
- Contemporarily, denotes the balloon
of glass at the end of a blow pipe expanding the gather of glass,
the term emphasizes the first bubble.
Pardessus, S. J.:
- Glass producer on New York City during the 1850s.
- Specialized in glass shades or bells of clear glass.
- Also produced sheet glass that was fluted white enameled glass
and plan fluted panes for greenhouses, roofing and architecture.
Pastry Mold:
- Millefiori cane which flare or skirt out on the basal end.
Pate de verre
- Literally means glass paste
- The technique of grinding or crushing
glass into a paste and casting it into mold.
Pattern Mold:
- Reference to glass that is patterned in a pattern mold before complete
blowing.
- Metal molds that have ridges or serration on the interior into
which the hot gather of glass was blown and impressed with the pattern
and then worked into final form.
Patterned:
- With reference to paperweights it is pattern of millefiori weights
making groups of florest.
Peabody Pattern:
- Pressed English glass
having a registry mark and a crown surrounded by sixteen stars
and the name "George Peabody."
Peach Glass:
- Also known as peachblow.
- A yellow tinted glass made with gold oxide attributing a ruby red
effect and opacity. Its color was created by reheating during blowing
and in annealing ovens.
Peachblow:
- Reference to glass fashioned after the noted Morgan peachblow porcelain
vase.
- Peachblow is characterized by peach like tints in gradations over
the milk white base.
- The line of "peachblow" included:
- bowls
- creamers
- lamps
- lampshades
- mugs
- tumblers
Peacock Eye:
- Pressed glass pattern of the 1840s, fashioned eighteenth century
art form in Hungary.
Pearl:
- A pressed glass element consisting of a raised pearl shaped dot.
- A small gob of hot glass added during blowing that can be tooled,
drawn or nipped.
Pebbles:
Peephole:
- A plugged hole in a kiln for observation,
- An adapter for candlesticks consisting of a glass receptacle to
hold lamp fluid and a peg at the bottom to fit the candlestick. The
peg lamp supplied more light than the candle it replaced.
Pedestal:
- Tall stemmed. Once a stem type called
Silesian in England.
Pedastal Weight:
Peephole:
- A hole of a kiln that has a plug that
can be removed for viewing.
Pell-Mell:
- Also shot glass.
- A short flanged vase with a paperweight base. The originals were
filled with shot to hold quill pens.
Penrose Glass:
- Early nineteenth century glass made at Waterford, Ireland; the
name was molded in the bottoms of pieces.
- Production included:
- decanters
- lamp gases
- vases
Perfume Bottles:
- Perhaps the most varied form of glass produced by manufacturers.
Petal and Loop:
- Also known as "Loop
Without Petal."
- Pressed glass pattern that is a variation of Ashburton, displaying
large loops with indented outlines.
Petal & Loop
Candlestick:
- Candlesticks with a petal making the socket and a looped base candlestick
of the Colonial type.
Peterboro Glass:
- The glass factory started at Peterboro, NY. about the late 1780s
or 1790, initially for making window glass.
- Different management produced to the late 1820s:.
- bottles
- decanters
- flasks
- jars
- offhand work
- window glass
Philadelphia:
- Pressed glass pattern having alternate loops, plain and horizontally
ridged.
Philadelphia Glass:
- The first glass factory in Philadelphia was started in 1683.
- In 1771 the Philadelphia
Glass Works was organized. It was also known as "American Flint Glass Manufactory." It
operated under different management..
- In 1804 the Philadelphia Glass House name was changed to the Kensington
Glass Works.
Phillips, William:
- William Phillips started a glass factory at Pittsburgh during the
early 1840s.
- Production included:
- cut wares
- plain glass
- pressed glass
Phoenix Glass Works (Philipsburg):
- The works was started in the 1880s at Philipsburg, PA.
- Production included:
- blown wares
- cameo glass
- Venetian style eleganices
Phoenix
Glass Works (Boston):
- The works was started in the 1820s and made flintwares to the 1970s.
Phoenix
Glass Works (Pittsburgh):
- The works was started by the McCully interest in the 1830s and
operated to the 1870s.
- Production included:
- bottles
- containers
- vials
- etceteras
Photosensitive glass:
- Glass that is sensitive to exposure
to ultraviolet radiation or heat treatment.
Piedouche:
"Pick Out Center" Method:
- The technique for cutting glass tubes by forming the end then so
the the speed of the torch flame will blow a hole in the tube.
Pickett:
- A late pressed glass pattern.
Pickle Jars:
- Between 1840 and 1890 a large variety of containers for pickles
were produced.
- The more decorative jars were made to be used as vases when emptied.
Pictorial Portrait Flasks:
- Historic flasks the display the bust portraits of noted people,
political candidates.
Pictures, Glass:
- General term for pictures on the reverse side of a pane of glass,
either directly painted or indirectly applied..
Pictures
in Gold & Silver, on Glass:
- An old technique used by Italian glassmakers of the thirteenth
and fourteenth centuries.
- The interior of the glass is coated with gold or silver and then
etched or cut, at different depths, and colors are added.
Pikes Peak Flask:
- Blown mold flasks that memorialize Pikes Peak.
- Over thirty forms are known.
Pillar:
- Pressed glass pattern of large thumbprints.
- The technique of reapplying hot glass over a slightly cooled parison
of glass and forcing the layers together in a mold to create the
pillars on the hot outer glass. Blowing the glass then leaves the
inside smooth and leaves the pillar design on the outside.
- The technique was used as early as 100 A.D..
Pinchbeck Weight:
- A zinc-copper ally disk, simulating
gold or silver having a bas-relief design. A magnifying is fitted
on a alabaster or pewter base.
- It is not a real paperweight since
the design is not fully encased in glass.
Pinched trailing:
- Similar pattern to nipt diamond.
- A wavy pattern of applying bands,
lines or threads and pinchering them together to create a wavy
decoration.
Pinchering:
- The shaping of soft glass with pincers.
Pineapple:
- Pressed glass pattern of pineapple shapes outlined with diamond
point and grooves, alternating with stylized three petaled tulip
shapes.
Pioneer Flint Glass Co.:
- Coffeyville, Kansas planted started in 1903 and became the Premium
Glass Co. in 1905. It later moved to Sapulpa, Oklahoma in 1910. The
company divided into the Barlett Collens Glass Co. and Leberty Glass
Co., in 1918.
- Productions included:
- Jelly glasses
- Globes
- Novelties
- Oil lamps
- Pressed glass
Pipe:
- The particularly designed steel or stainless steel tube to blow
hot glass.
Pipe Cooler:
- The device used to cool, with runniing water, hot pipes or punties
when they are to hot to hold.
Pipe Warmer:
- The heated open chamber where pipes and punties are preheated.
Pitkin Glass:
- Glass produced at the
East Manchester, Conn., plant in 1783 by William & Elisha
Pikin.
- Production of olive, light green and amber ware included:
- bowls
- demijohns
- flasks
- inkwells
- snuff jars
- swirl ribbed bottles
- vials
Pittsburgh Glass:
- Glass made at one of the many Pittsburgh glass factories.
Pittsburgh Steamboat:
- A pressed cup plate,
made in 1836, displaying a side wheel steamboat and the marking " UNION
GLASS WORKS, PITTSBURGH."
Plate Lettered:
- Technique that used a bottle mold with slotted side to hold different
plates for plate letter molding.
Plate Glass:
- Float window glass
that is more than 3/16 " inch thick.
Plate Quality:
- Glass that is uniform and optically
true.
Plating:
- Descriptive of the process of casing, it is a 19th century term, used especially
in America.
Pleat & Panel:
- Late issue pressed glass pattern.
Plique-a-jour:
- An enameling technique
like cloisonnþ but
without the metal base, akin to a miniature stained glass
window.
Plymouth Cut:
- Cut glass pattern from the 1870s to the 1880s.
Plymouth Rock Paper Weight:
- Glass molded in the form of Plymouth Rock, made in 1876, but dated
1620 with an inscription memorialized Mary Chilton, who first set
foot on it.
- The paperweights were made by the Providence Inkstand Company as
souvenirs.
Point:
- A glass tube section that has been pulled to a taper on either
end to serve as handles for working the section.
- Good for handling large diameter tubing.
Poisons:
- Deep green or deep
blue glass bottles, made in the 1860's, with sharp diamond pointing
and sharp diamond pointed stoppers,
and having "POISON" deeply
impressed on top and sides.
Pokal:
- European term for a covered goblet.
Poland Water Bottle:
- Blown molded bottle in the shape of a bearded man referred to as
either Father Christmas or Father Time.
- Two vertical panels
on the front are marked "Poland Water," and "H.
Ricker & Sons Proprietors." The back of the bottle has
the Poland Water Co. seal.
Polariscope:
- A device for measuring strains in
glass by showing the stress patterns..
- The assistant who turns the pipe.
Policeman:
- A short section of rubber tubing that can be pinched or sealed
shut, used to seal off the end of a tube temporarily.
Polychrome:
- Similar to grinding but the polishing
material is fine rouges applied with revolving buffs The action
removes little glass and depends on flow.
Political Glass:
- Glass that bears the likeness of political candidates or their
symbols.
Polka Dot:
- A bi-colored pressed glass that simulates overlay cut glass. The
surface is characterized by numerous glass dots on a colored background.
Pomona glass:
- Glass made 1885 by the New England Glass Company or Joseph Locke.
- Partially colored coated glass having a pebbled characteristic
that is etched, and sometimes having decorated patterns.
Potash-Lime Glass:
A glass that uses potassium compounds
for flux and lime for the stabilizer.
Potentiometric:
Pontil; Punt; Punty
- The pontil takes the expanded glass
from the blowing iron so the top can be finished.
- The metal rods or tubes used to hold,
inflate and work a glass object during its hot manufacture. Additionally,
it can gather added glass from the furnace as needed. A blow pipe
can be used as a pontil during finishing.
Pontil mark:
- Or pontil scar.
- The usually small, round or a ring-shaped
scar on a glass vessel, usually centered on the base where the
pontil was attached. The rough mark was once the sign of handmade
glass until the 19th century when it was ground flat.
Pontil Marked Pressed Glass:
- Early pressed glass that bears the mark of a pontil used to remove
the glass from a mold.
Pontil rod:
Poodle Bottle:
- A blown molded bottle
that has the form of a French poodle that sits upright with a
unmarked barrelhead between its paws
to paste
labels on. The mark "Design Patent 89968" appears on
the bottom of some.
POOP:
- A mnemonic for: Propane-Oxygen Oxygen-Propane. The safe order for
turning on a torch: propane then oxygen; and turning it off: oxygen
then propane.
- The same order can be used on other gases such as natural gas,
or hydrogen.
Port Elizabeth Glass:
- Glass made at the Port Elizabeth, N.J. factory started Stangers
and others from c. 1810 to 1814.
- The business split up and part of it moved to Marshallville, N.J..
Portland Glass:
- A variety of pressed glass that was made at Portland, Me., from
1864 to 1870s.
Pot:
- Open, closed, smaller skittles for
small batch colored glass.
- A crucible of fire clay that a batch
of glass in made in. Pots last from 3 to 6 weeks.
Pot Arch:
- Furnace used to fire pots initially.
Pot Furnace:
- A furnace that holds pots that are used for melting glass.
Pot Ring:
- A fire clay ring that float on the
surface of an open pot. The ring keeps the glass within relatively
still and the glass is gathered within the ring.
Pot Settling:
- The transference of the pot from the pot arch to the melting furnace.
Potash Glass:
- Traditionally burning beechwood or
wine residue produced the flux. Potash glass is an ingredient for
lead glass, and is harder than soda glass suitable for engraving
and cutting on wheels. Waldglass are forms of German and
Bohemian potash glass.
Potash-lime glass:
- Glass fluxed with potassium compounds
and stabilized with lime.
Pot furnace:
- A furnace that uses refractory containers,
or pots, to melt the glass in.
Pot Ring:
- Fire clay rings that float on glass
in an open pot. Inside of the ring, the glass is relatively still
and is where the glass is gathered to be free as possible from
bubbles and impurities.
Pot settling:
- Transference of the pot from the arch
to the melting furnace.
Potichimanie Vases:
- Potiche, jar of porcelain; manie, vogue.
- A fad of the mid nineteenth century that imitated Chinese porcelain
by lining glass vases with pictures and coating them with plaster
of Paris or other material.
Powder:
- Color glass that has been powdered and is dusted or rolled onto
hot glass.
Powder Booth
- Also powder box.
- The enclosure used to give protection with powdered glass.
Powder & Shot:
Powder Horn Bottle:
- A long, slender bottle with a slight bend in the neck.
Powder Flasks:
- Historic flasks that have been described as being powder flasks.
Premium Glass Co.:
Premixed Torch:
- A torch that mixes the gas and oxygen in the body of the torch
before burning.
Prescription Bottle:
- Bottles made for druggists that are designated as prescription
bottles.
Pressed Cut:
- A cut glass were the cutting is done over a pressed in master pattern,
eliminating much of the cutting.
Pressed Glass:
- Glass that has been pressed in a mold to achieve a design.
- Pressed glass patterns that were produced from the 1880s to 1900.
Pressed Glass Patents:
- A patent for pressing glass was issued to E. Robinson of Cambridge,
Mass., in 1826.
- A patents for improving pressing methods were issued in 1828 and
1830 to Deming Jarves.
Pressed Glass Patterns:
- Patterns created in glass ware by the use of molds.
Pressed
Inside & Out:
- A pressed glass technique were the mold and plunger both make an
impression on the inside and outside of the glass.
Pressed On Handles:
- The technique were molded handles are placed into another mold
were additional hot glass is molded and bonds onto the handles.
Pressing:
- Shaping glass by applying force to
glass in a mold.
Press-molding:
Pressed glass:
- A mechanical process of pressing glass
into mold, either manually or automated.
Pressing Mold Identification:
- Characteristics that distinguish glass molded in brass or iron
pressing molds. Glass pressed in brass molds have a softer finish
described as satinlike or velvety, where glass pressed in iron molds
have a sharper finish described as brittle or razor like. The later
forms were often fire polished for longer periods to soften its sharp
edges.
Princess Feather:
- Also called Lacy Medallion.
- A pressed glass pattern with a stippled background impressed with
feather like form and cartouches and pyramid like diamond pointing.
Printy:
- printie
- The opposite of a prunt it denotes
a print inside of a hollow, or below the surface pattern. Often
a shallow, often concave, circle or oval.
- With reference to paperweights see facet.
Prism:
- A pressed glass pattern having a series of vertical bars ended
in defined points in a pattern like lamp prisms placed upside down.
Prism & Crescent:
- A pressed glass pattern that has prism shapes and crescents making
panels between fan like forms.
Prism & Flute:
- A pressed glass pattern of bands of fine ribbing or flutings that
may have engravings.
Prism with Diamond Points:
- A pressed glass pattern of vertical prism forms ending with bands
of diamond pointing.
Profile:
- The form of a paperweight when inspected from the side.
Protection:
Providence Glass (R.I.):
- Glass made at the Providence Flint Glass Works from 1831 to 1835.
- Production included:
- bottles
- pressed glassware
- tableware
- vials
Pruessler:
- The name of a glass enameler who simulated cutting and engraving
by using brush lines in black enamel and gold.
Prunt:
- Additional blobs of glass, usually
circular, left as is, pinched, stamped or inflated, decorating
or identifying the sides of vessels.
Pucellas:
Puebla Glass:
- Glass that was made from 1648 at Puebla, Mexico glass factory that
operated for three hundred years.
Puffer:
Pulled Point:
- A glass tube that been drawn out, the drawn sections are used to
handle the main diameter of the tube.
Pungents:
- Fancy or plain flasks of two dram size that were made to hold pungents
such as aromatic oils, ammonia and other pungent compounds.
Punty:
- French for pontil.
- puntee, see pontil
- A solid steel rod for gathering, or
to attach to the bottom of a blown piece, allows for the blowpipe
to be struck off and the piece to be reheated for finishing.
- With reference to paperweights see facet.
Punty Boy:
Punty Wrap:
- Like a moile wrap, or neckwrap.
- Hot glass is wrapped on the punty
to keep it warm and help reduce stress and cracking of glass.
- A borosilicate glass manufactured
and trademarked by Corning Glass Works. It is very heat shock resistant,
having a low coefficient of expansion.
- A temperature measuring device for
high temperatures.
Pyrometric cone:
Pyxis:
- Greek
- A toilet table covered box often of
cylindrically shape with low dome covers.
- Q -
Quartz Inversion:
- The reversible physical changes that
occurs in quartz crystals when they becomes heated to a temperature
of 1050 degrees F.
Quatrefoil:
- A millefiori cane with a central four lobed design.
- The faceting design of exterior adornment of certain paperweights
- Garland pattern
Quench:
- To rapidly chill a hot object in water. Used to chill or crack
a surface.
- A practice used to crack off glass from pipes and punties.
Quilling:
- Also known as pinched trailing.
- Rigaree applications
on glass with a wave link form.
- R -
Radiant heat:
- Heat emitted by a glowing hot element.
Railroad:
- A pressed glass pattern depicting railroad scenes or railraod trains.
Railroad Flasks:
- Whiskey flasks that
depict either a horse drawn car or a steam locomotive and usually
bear the legend "Sucess to the Railroad."
Railroad Plate:
- A oblong pressed glass plate with circular incurvate corners and
depicting a locomotive and train.
Raindrop:
- A pressed glass pattern of small pear like drops and no diamond
points or lozenges.
Rapid Cool:
- The stage of cooling from highest
temperature to optimum annealing temperature.
Rapid Heat:
- The stage of fusing when unfused glass
is heated from the strain point to the fused level.
Random Spacing Scheme:
- With reference to paperweights, it is the assortment of upright,
tightly packed canes, in the all-over design.
Ravenna glass Company:
- The glass factory started in the late 1850s at Ravenna, Ohio and
produced until the 1880s.
- Production included:
- bottles
- flasks
- off hand work
Ravenscroft Glass:
- George Ravenscroft
made flint glass and used lead glass to produce a fine crystal
glass. Ravenscroft was know as a master
of "wrythen" and "nipp'd
diamond waies" methods of tooled decoration.
- Ravenscroft had a factory at Henley on Thames, England; and marked
some of his fine wares with a raven's head pressed into a prunt of
glass.
Reaper Tray:
- A 1890s pressed glass tray. Its center panel depicts a reaping
machine drawn by a horse inside a border of crossties and rails.
Rebound:
- Heat returning to a kiln from the
brick, insulation and shelf after the rapid cool stage.
Redford Glass:
- Glass made from the 1830s to the 1850s at Redford, N.Y..
- Production included:
- crown glass
- off hand work
Reducing:
- Low in ozygen.
- Reducing flames can draw oxygen out of hot glass and discolor the
surface.
Reducing Atmosphere:
- The oxygen deficient atmosphere of
a smokey kiln or furnace. Used to reduce oxides into metallic states
such as with lustre pigments.
Reduction Lathe:
- A lathe used in sulphide manufacture that cuts a smaller reproduction
of original bronzed images into steel.
Reduction Lens:
- A lens used in sulphide manufacture to inspect the surface smoothness
of a cameo.
Refractories:
- Clays and substances that can resist
high temperatures and deformation, composed of alumina, silica,
and zirconia.
Refractory Pot:
- A pot made of fire proof (refractory) clays, for melting glass
ingredients in.
- Pots typically have a life of tow or three months.
Regulator:
- The apparatus for adjust and reducing pressures of gas and oxygen
to safe and usable levels.
Reheat:
- To put glass into a furnace or glory
hole to add heat and regain fluidity to blow or work the glass.
Relief:
- Figures and forms projecting off of
a background.
Renaissance:
- A period originating in Italy in the
14th century and spread through Europe to the 16th century.
It was characterized by a revival of intellectural and artistic
achievements.
Resist Tape:
- An adhesive tape for used to stencil
glass for sand blasting and other processes.
Reticllo:
Reticulated:
- A Venetian technique from the 16th to
18th centuries, glass is knitted or looped, into
an open network or "knitting."
Retorti:
Rib mold:
- Vertical ribbing of a patterned mold.
Ribbed, Ribbing:
- Upright and convex markings impressed on a parison of glass, by
a mold, which are wider than the spaces between the markings.
Ribbed Grape:
- A pressed glass pattern depicting fine vertical ribs and horizontally
arranged, on top of, grapevines having stem, leaf, and clusters.
- Also called Spring.
- A pattern of verticle ribbing onto which a large palmate leaf is
impressed.
Ribbon:
- A pressed glass classification.
- A cane with a flat ribbon like component that can be twisted; used
in chequer weights, crown weights and torsades.
Ribbon Burner:
- A torch with an lengthened burner for heating long areas of glass.
Ribbon Glass:
- Glass strips of different colors and dkinds are fused to produces
vessels.
Ricardi Cut Glass:
- Passquale Ricardi was a noted New York glass cutter during the
early 1800s.
Rice & Johnson
Glass:
- Glass made during the 1840s at Harrisburg, N.Y..
- Production included:
- bottles
- tableware
- vials
- Trailing ribbons of glass, press into
parallel notches, appearing as a ruffled color.
Ring:
- The circle or row of millefiori canes in concentric paperweights.
Ringed Jars:
- Confectioner's jars produced from the 1750s.
- The jars are stright sided cylinders with belled covers and decorated
rings of often colored glass on the outside of the jars.
Ringed Knop:
- A decorative knop applied around the bulb ofnthe stem or between
bulbs on the stem of a glass.
Ripple:
- A pressed glass pattern of ripples, like that formed on a pool
of water.
Ritchie & Wheat:
- Glassmakers from Wheeling, Va..
Robinson, George:
- George Robisnon had a glass firm at Wheeling, West Va., during
the 1860s.
- Production included:
- black glass bottles
- druggist wares
- enameled wares
- plain wares
Robinson,
T. & J.:
Rochester Glass:
- The Rochester, Pa., works produced blown and pressed glass from
1872.
- The factory was as the Rochester Tumbler Works.
- Production included fancy or palind, blown goblets and tumblers
for cutting.
- Natural clear quartz, a natural glass.
- Reference to wares carved from clear quartz.
- The ground coarse and granular ground of paperweights made with
green glass, sand and mica flakes.
Rod:
- A round stick of glass.
- A section of glass with a masaic pattern
running its length.
Rod-forming:
Roemer:
- Dutch: roemen, to praise, dating from the fifteenth century.
- A reference to large, engraved and cut glasses or goblets.
Rolled glass:
- Sheet glass made between rollers,
or a roller and a table.
Rollers:
- A apparatus with wheeled rollers to support and rotate glass tubes
and rods while working.
Rolling Pin:
- A rolling pin made of glass.
Rolling Pin Bottles:
- A glass rolling pin with a neck and opening so that the pin could
be filled with either hot or cold water.
Roman Glass:
- Roman glass at the time of Caesar's conquest came from Egypt.
- Under Tiberius rule, glass making was started outside of Rome.
- Constantine moved the captital to Constantinople and established
glass factories.
Roman Rosette:
- A late pressed glass pattern.
Rooster Finials:
- A variation of the swan finial depicting a rooster, that serves
as a finial, knob or handhold on a cover.
Rommer:
- Aslo, rummer.
- A round-bowled, thick stemmed spirit or wine glass.
Rondelle:
- A round of glass made by spinning and flattening an open bubble
of glass.
Rose Glass:
- Also called New Bedford Rose Glass.
- Glass colored with gold oxide to mimic the variegated colors of
a rose petal.
- Produced by the Mount Washington Glass Works, New Bedford, Mass.,
from the 1880s.
Rose Paperweights:
- Usually credited to Ralph Barber from Millville, N.J., who arrived
from England and worked at the Dorflinger plant at White Mills, Pa..
There it is thought he learned the technique from E. J. Larsen.
Rose Pompadour:
- A dainty pink ground found in some Clichy paperweights and Sevres
porcelain.
- A cane made from drawn glass canes having an internal pattern of
layered contruction.
Rosette:
- A primary design of close packed canes, in a round group, that
symbolize a glower.
Rosette & Palm:
- A pressed glass pattern of alternating palm shapes and rosettes.
Rouge:
- A polish for metals and glass made
of ferric oxide, having a reddish color.
Roughing:
- The preparation of a surface, making
it course and irregular, for finishing and polishing or grinding..
Rhyton:
- (Greek)
- Drinking vessel with the forms of
human and animal heads and rims for placement.
Ribbon glass:
- Strips of different kinds and colors
of glass fused to form a vessel. Also a Venetian type of glass
embellished with lattimo stripes.
Roemer:
- German
- Drinking glasses with flared or oval
bowls over prunt decorated hollow stems joined to a foot made of
a spiraled thread.
Running Stitch:
- A form of lace work made of rows of connected arches of the same
size and shape.
- S -
Saddle Bottles:
- Bottles having a gourd shape and round bottoms that were racked
on an angle, or on sanded shelves, and hung in slings on walls. Often
such bottles were carried in netted slings on saddles.
Safety Glass:
Saint Louis Glass (Missouri):
- Glass works started in 1842 ( operated to the 1880s under different
management), in Saint Louis by the Eads family.
- Production included:
- blown glass
- bottles
- flint glass
- hollow ware
- pressed glass
- vials
Saint Louis Glass (France):
- Reference to glass made by Compagnie des Cristalleries de Saint
Louis, or La Verrerie de Saint Louis, in the Vosgest Mountains.
- The company was started in 1767 as the Verrerie Royale de Saint
Louis in the Munzthal forest of the Lorraine region
Salem Glass (Mass):
- A glass factory that operated at Salem starting in the 1640s and
either operated for two years or until the 1660s.
Salem Glass (N.J.):
- The factory was started by Samuel Norcross and others in the 1850s
and operated to the 1880s.
- Production included:
- bottles
- fruit jars
- vials
Saliva:
- Undesired strings of air bubbles made from inadequate expulsion
of air when assembling a picee.
Salt Caster:
- The Stiegel Works produced casting bottles c. 1770.
- The bottles were blown glass with a pierced top and a high standing
foot that hid the filling hole and stopper.
Salt Mouth:
- Refers to the neck of a wide mouthed bottle used to pour its granular
contents.
Salts:
- Designation of a open container used for salt.
Sagging:
- The bending of glass by its own weight
when heated.
Sanctuary Lamp:
- A short glared beaker that can be colored, used to burn votive
candles in Roman, or some Greek or Episcopal churches.
Sand Blasted Glass:
- Techniques first used by B. F. Tilghman
of Philadelphia, in the 1860s, using compressed air to erode a
surface with abrasive materials like aluminum oxide and silicon
carbide. This creates a matte surface.
Sand Ground:
Sanders:
- Shakers for sand made with a solid, pierced top that allow the
passage of the sand.
Sandever:
Sandwich:
- Techniques that layer a decorative
material between two layers of glass.
Sandwich Glass:
- Made by the Boston
and Sandwich Glass Company in Sandwich, Mass., from 1825 to 1888.
Founded
as Sandwich
Manufacturing Company, by Deming Jarves when he left Cambridge
Glass. In 1826 it became the Boston & Sandwich Glass
Company.
- Sandwich glass is blown, molded, cut,
and engraved. A special mold, the first such equipment made in
the United States, was used for its pressed glass. Tableware, lamps,
vases, and scent bottles were some items made of sandwich glass.
The glass is comparable to Baccarat pressed glass.
Sandwich Star:
- A pressed glass pattern of four petals imposed onto a diamond creating
an eight pointed star,
San Francisco Glass:
- Glass made at the factory started in the 1860s at San Francisco,
Calif..
- Production included:
- bottles
- carboys
- vials
- possibly Bear Bottle fire extinguishers
San Francisco Glass Works:
- The factory was established
by the firm of Hostetter, Smith & Dean
during the 1860s.
Santa Claus Bottle:
- Blown molded bottles depicting Santa Claus, c. 1900,
Saratoga Glass:
Satin Glass:
- Hobbs, Brockunier and
Company of Wheeling, W. Va., was the main producer of satin glass
(Similar
glass was
made in England and during the same period). A dull matte
finish made by submerging the vessel in a corrosive acid or
in the fumes
of acid. The process was synonymous with "frosting" of
fancy art made in the United States during the last half
of the 19th century.
Saucers:
- Glass dishes for serving and using sauces.
- The dish used under a refreshment cup or syllabub bowl.
Saws:
- The use of mechanized diamond blades
to saw and shape glass.
Sawtooth:
- A pressed glass pattern of a large diamond filling up to three
quarters of a surface.
Saxon:
- A pressed glass patter of a sun ray fluting with blocked and starred
rims.
Scattered Millefiori:
- An irregularly spaced concentric millefiori design.
Schaper, Johannes:
- A glass enameler of Nuremberg, c. 1640.
Schlernitzauer, Nicholas:
- A glass worker of the Oneida County (N.Y.) Glassworks.
- Noted for his production of whimsies, bottles enclosing forms of
birds.
Schmelzglas (German):
- An opagque marbled glass that imitates stones such as agate,chalecedony
and others.
Schnappsflaschen:
- Swiss
- A bladder like blown
glass with pinched in sides and a "stuck
on" neck that is attached after the blowing operation.
- Found in ribbed, swirled and dotted glass of usually dark green
color.
Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe:
- A noted overseer in the nineteenth century at the Vernon and Geneva
Glass Works of New York State.
- German
- A sepia enamel in the form of stained
glass painting.
- Opaque marbled glass that looks like
stones such as agate, chalcedony, etc.. Sepia enamel forms from
stained glass paintings, used to decorated vessel, sometimes combined
with gold. Points are used to scratch in details.
Schuylkill Glass Works:
- The glass works was started in 1873 by Robert Morres and John Nicholson
at Schuylkill, near Philadelphia; it operated until 1808.
- In 1810 it reopened as Skhuylkill Glass Works.
- In 1823 as the Philadelphia Glass Works.
- Production included:
- bottles
- flint glass
- green glass
- tablerwares
- window glass
- end of day, or pell-mell.
- The design of millefiori paperweights, having broken and whole
canes, and sometimes colored or white lace, that are mixed up together
and fill the weight.
Scratch and Break:
- Technique of cutting glass tubing by scratching and pulling apart.
The glass is scored with one stroke, the score moistened, facing
it to ones body then bending outward and pulling to separate the
pieces.
Scratch and Shock:
- Technique of cutting glass tubing by scratching and applying heat,
often used on lathwork.
Sea Horse Bottles:
- Fragrance bottles having the form of a sea horse, and worked in
the Venetian style of crimps and swirls. Found in clear glass or
contrasting colors.
- The bottles were made at Bristol, Nailsea, and some at Sandwich.
Sealed Glass:
- The impression , or seal, placed onto a prunt that usually signified
a customer or vintner.
Seashell:
- Transparent pressed glass in the form of a seashell, either plain
or engraved, and having finials or knobs..
- Small bubbles that are imperfections
in glass, often caused by impurities in the raw batch, or insufficient
heat or time during the melting and refining process.
- Also impurities such as dusk or dirt.
Selenium colors:
- A metallic element, appears black
in powder form, as a colloidal color can strike when reheated.
Used with cadmium sulfide creates colors from amber orange to bright
red. Soda lime glass gives a lighter rose color.
Separator:
Sepia Enameling:
Serass:
- An early name for crystal, flint or lead glass.
Serpent stem
Servitor:
Setup:
- The center element or elements in a representional paperweight.
Sepia Enameling:
Sgraffito:
- A drawing technique that scratches
a line into the top layer of grit, enamel, et., to uncover the
glass (often a contrasting color) underneath.
Shard:
- Splinters (larger than frits) of fragile
materials such as glass.
- Brokent pices of glass, often colored, that can be picked up onto
hot glass or used for inclusions.
Shaving Mugs:
- Blown and pressed glass mugs made from the 1850s to the 1920s.
Shear:
- Scissors used to cut hot glass.
Sheet Fiber Paper:
- Substance made of hydrated alumina
and kaolin clay, binders and suspension media.
- Also known as kiln wash or glass separator,
it keeps glass from sticking to glass or metal forms, molds, or
fusing surfaces, and mandrels in bead making.
Shell & Tassel:
- A pressed glass pattern depicting elements of shells and tassels.
Shield:
- The object or method to protect a glass worker from a heat source.
Ship Decanters:
- Decanter with a wide bottoms and long necks for stability on a
ships table.
Ship Tumblers:
- Drinking glasses with a wide bottoms for stability on a ships table.
Shoes:
- Blown and pressed glass having the shape of a shoe or slipper.
- Found in clear or colored glass and as bottles or glasses.
Shoe Lamp:
- A kerosene lamp with a reservoir in the shape of a shoe, dated
during the 1860s.
Shot Glass:
Show Bottles:
- Very large apothecary bottles for exhibiting goods. A popular object
of the 1840s to the 1900s.
Siccative:
- A drying promoter for oils used on
under-glaze or over-glaze colors.
Sick, Sickness:
Side Arm Seal:
- Or initital cane.
- With reference to paperweights it is the cane designating the name,
initial or initials or the the paperweight's manufacturer, origin
or artist.
Silesian
Stem:
- Introduced into England about 1715
and a common form found in Thurengian glass. A form of molded stem,
often ribbed, with shouldered stem.
Silicon Carbide:
- SIC
- The substance is one of the hardest
known substances, appearing as a bluish black crystalline compound,
it is used for abrasives and refractories. It is used for shelving
for high fire ceramics and is often used for rough grinding.
Silicosis:
- A serious lung disease caused by the inhalation of sharp edged
particles of glass powder or sand.
- A concern for people who work in sandblasting or who work with
frit.
- Use a specialized dust mask and local exhaust ventilation as a
precaution.
Silhouette Cane:
- A miilefiori cane that shows, in the cross section, the shape of
an animal, flower or figure.
Silk Screening:
- A stenciling technique that uses a
design on a screen of silk or fabric, with empty areas coated with
impervious material. The printing, or design medium, is pushed
through the un-coated cloth onto the print surface.
Silver Glass:
- Also called mercury glass.
- A double walled glass technique that silvered the sealed interior
of the wall with mercury.
- A wide variety of glass items were made with this technique.
Silvering:
- To chemically deposit a film of silver onto glass.
- Oxides of silver produce a distinctive yellow color in glass.
Single Overlay:
Single Strength Glass:
- Window glass that is 3/32 inch thick.
Sinter:
- Firing to the point where cohesion
of material starts.
Skyphos:
- Greek
- A side handled cup with a low foot.
Slag Glass:
Slide Caliper:
- A tool to measre the inside or outside width of a glass tube and
container depth.
Slipper Bottle:
- A glass slipper with a high heel and rough neck.
Slippers, Glass:
- Slippers made of cut, engraved plain or pressed glass.
- A large variety were produced from the 1689s through to the 1900.
Slump:
- To heat glass until it bends.
Slumper:
- A oven used to slump glass.
Slumping:
- Intentionally it is the use of gravity
to flow hot glass onto the form such as a mold or framework. Also
a reference to sagging.
- Unintentionally it is when pieces
sag or droop in an oven that is too hot.
Slump Method:
- The procedure to test the annealing
range for a particular glass in information can not be obtained
from the manufacturer.
Smalt:
- See cobalt.
- Pulverized dark blue glass.
Smalting:
- The application of smalt onto still wet, but sticky, paint to produce
a weatherproof surface on buildings.
Smocking:
- A pressed glass pattern that mimics the needlework form of smocking.
Snake Threads:
- Serpentine treads applied to a vessels
surface, often pressed flat with hatching or crass-hatching applied
with a specialized tool.
Snow Weights:
- A hollow paperweight filled with alcohol, flakes of white material
and scenery that produce a snow storm when shaken.
Soak, Soaking:
Soda Glass:
- Soda lime glass.
- Soft glass.
- A glass with higher ratios of soda
and lime to silica than certain glasses. It has a lower melting
temperature than borosilicate glass.
- Traditionally soda was obtained by
burning a seashore plant barilla (also known as glasswort).
The Venetian cristallo was soda glass. It has a brownish
to yellowish tones, is easier than lead glass to work and lacks
resonance.
- Na2SiO3* 9H2O
- A solution of this is known as water
glass. It is available as a which powder or liquid of varying viscosity,
and is used to bind refractory mold mixes and a low temperature
flux.
- Also known as the puffer, it is a
hollow metal rtube with a cone like end, often used to make goblets.
- This tool continues to inflate a vessel
after its removal from the blow pipe, but while still joined to
the pontil.
- Also known as insulating firebrick.
- A refractory brick that is porous
with good insulating quality for kilns. The bricks made of it are
easily carved with files, knives and sandpaper. When it is coated
with shelf primer it is usable for molds.
Soft Glass:
- The term used for lead
and soda-lime glass, which melt at a lower temperature that "har" glasses
such as borosilicates.
Softening Point:
Sofietta:
- Italian name for the tool used as a puffer by a glass blower, after
it has been taken off the blow pine but still on the pontil.
Sommerville Glass Company (Union):
- The company started by Amory and Francis Houghton in the 1850s
and operated under different management through the twentieth century.
- Production included blown and pressed goods and lamps.
South Boston Glass Company:
- The company was started in 1812 and operated under different managements
until the 1850s.
- Production included:
- casters
- cruets
- globes
- jars
- lamps
- plates
- vases
Southern Ivy:
- A pressed glass pattern of vertical ribbing topped two curved horizontal
impress of ivy leaves and vines.
Southhwick Glass (Wheeling):
- Glass produced at the facility in Wheeling, Virginia.
- Production included:
- blown wares
- colored pressed wares
- flint glass
Souvenirs:
- The category of glass wares that include curiosities, novelties,
oddities and novelties. The articles were made to be sold or freely
given at a happening or to promote a business.
Spaced Millefiori:
- With regards to paperweights it is the indistinct circular pattern
formed from millefiori canes set at equal, or close to equal, distances
from another.
Spacing Schemes:
- With ragards to paperweights, it is the various patterns of millefiori
canes set in patterned, random or special designs.
Spangle Glass:
- A novelty made by Hobbs-Brockunier in Wheeling, Virginia, from
1883. A spangled effect was created by rolling a parison of glass
in mica flakes and broken glass, the redipped for final blowing and
shaping. Another technique was to roll a parison of glass in spangle
dust and blowing it without redipping.
Spanish Glass:
- A designation of glass wares from Spain that date from the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries.
Sparking Lamps:
- Night lamps, small in size from two to five inches high. Early
examples had a round wick holder and later models had flat wicks.
Spechter:
- German
- Tall, narrow and green drinking glassed
for the Spessart area of Germany.
Specie Jars:
- A mid-eighteenth century
glass container with "japanned" sheet
iron tops. They were used to hold items such as: barley, candies,
herbs, sugar, and other items in homes or shops.
Spencer, Joseph:
- A New York City glass cutter and enameler who worked from his shop
from 1810 to the 1820s.
Spigot Bowl:
- A punch bowl with feet and short stem on the bottom with an opining
and metal spigot. Most date from the 1780s to 1850s.
Spiral:
- A glass rod wound with opaque glass threads.
Spiral Latticino:
- With regards to paperweights, it is the conves or funnel like patterns
made by thrads of latticinio.
Spot & Dot:
- A trade name for pressed wares with dots or spots forming the pattern
or background for patterns.
- Also a classification for overlay glass having dots and spots cut
through the surface layer exposing the underlying layer.
Spread Eagle:
- A reference to the big side ways, spread eagle on many blown molded
flasks
Spread Glass:
- A method of making window glass from cylinders that were cut open
and then placed in a vibrating furnace to spread flat.
Sprig:
Spring Neck Decanter:
- A decanter of glass with a metallic case that has an extension
up along the neck, to the stopper which opens by a spring when the
decanter is grasped.
Spun Glass:
- Reference to glass threads woven into fabric.
- Also novelties spun of glass by workmen.
Square Shears:
- Shears that have a square hole in
the blade, and are for cutting rods or gobs of glass.
Squat Toilet Bottle:
- A bottle, for toilet water, made by Millville from 1850s to 1900
and perhaps later..
Squeegee Oil:
- A compound of pine oil and solvents used in frit application during
fused glass work.
Stained Glass:
- A reference to to decorative items for ecclesiastical use. The
glass item was embellished with the stain and fired to make it permanent.
Staining:
Stangate Glass:
- Production of the Stangate
Works, Lambeth, England, by Christy & Company.
The company produced color printed glass that used a transfer
method with oxide inks that were fired.
- Production included:
- bottles
- colored printed glass
- enameled wares
- flashed wares
- paperweights
Stangenglas:
- German, stange signifies
a pole.
- A tall, narrow cylindrical glass,
often have a pedestal foot.
Star Bead:
- See Rosetta bead.
- A rosetta bead with a shar shaped pattern.
Star Cut:
- The decoration of some paperweights of a many sided star cut into
the base.
Stardust Cane:
- A cane of small star shaped rods separated by clear glass, and
often around a geometric cane center in paperweights.
Stardust Gound:
- The ground of some paperweights made of white star rods.
Star Glass Company:
- A factory at Norristown, Pa., producing from the 1850s to the 1860s.
- Production included:
- chemical wares
- lampshades
Star Paperweight:
- Paperweights having, as a whole, a star shaped design. Clichy specialized
in them.
Star Rosette:
- A pressed glass pattern of a all over pattern of dots and stars.
Stave:
- Rectangular rod that encloses a design.
- In paperweights it refers to the flattened
glass tube that make up basket designs and Clichy roses.
Steam Stick:
- A wet cone shaped wooden tool that is placed into the lip of a
hot vessel, creating steam and pressure to expand the glass or puff
it out.
Stedman:
- A pressed glass pattern, dating before 1870, of vertical ribbing
creating an undulated edge on top of the ribs.
Stenger - Stanger Glass:
- John Kindiel and Jacob Stanger were indentured German servants
under Richard Wistar at the Wistar Factory of New Jersey. The two
ran away before finishing their apprenticeships, and perhaps returned.
- In 1781 Jacob Stanger and his brother were making glass at Glassboro,
N.J., it became the Olive Glass Works in 1808.
- In 1818, the Stangers began a cooperative glassworks at Glassboro.
In 1824 this and the Olive Glass Works merged. The company eventually
became the Whitney Glass Works.
- Production of the Stanger plants is believed to have been down
in the Dutch styles or the Wistar Works.
- The production of these factories is grouped as South Jersey.
Stick Up:
- To attach a punty to a piece.
Stickwork:
- Reference to an enamel technique were
a point is used to etch out internal detail of the enamel.
Stone Cold:
- Reference to a glass piece that has cooled and shows no movement
of flowing glass.
Stones:
- Crystalline lumps in glass, may also
be pieces of furnace brick.
Steubenville Glass:
- Production of the Steubenville, Ohio glass factory that was started
in 1830 and operated to the 1880s under different management.
- Production included:
- blown wares
- drinking glasses
- pressed wares
- Also production of the Rockvelle Works that was started in 1836
and produced bottles until c. 1840.
Stiegel Glass:
- The German immigrant Henry William Steigel came to Philadelphia,
Pa., in 1750. Stiegel had a long affiliation with the Stedmans. Steigel
began trying out glass making in 1763 at the Elizabeth Furnace. In
1865 he started a factory at the town he had laid out, Manheim. Later
in 1769 he started a second factory.
- Production was mainly bottles and window glass. Steigel glass in
know for its clear and colored wares that were produced in the Bristol
blowing method.
Stippled Clover:
Stippled Chain:
- A pressed glass pattern produced by Gillinder in Philadelphia.
It is distinguished by subtle chainwork on alternating plain and
stippled surface facets that mimic the silverware of the period from
1790 to 1820.
Stippled Star:
Stoddard Glass:
- Production by the four factories at Stoddard, N.H..
- Joseph Foster, from 1842 to 1880.
- Two factories of the Granite Glass factories, 1846 to 1856.
- South Stoddard Glass Company, 1850 to the 1870s.
- Production of the plants included:
- cologne bottles
- dark green bottles
- inkwells
- medicine bottles
- mineral water bottles
- soda water bottles
- wine bottles
Stone:
- The specks in a batch that must be removed:
Stopper Mold:
- A set of two dies in blocks on the end of a pincer arms. Hot glass
is placed in the device and squeezed to form a stopper.
Stoppers:
- The top of many bottles.
- The nineteenth century produced many stoppered bottles sold by
the stopper name.
Stourbridge Glass (United States):
- In 1823 the Stourbridege Flint Glass Company was started in Pittsburgh,
Pa..
- In the 1830s the
company name changed to T. & J. Robinson.
- Production included:
- Blown wares
- cut wares
- engraved wares
- hollow wares
- globes
- lamps
- tableware
- Glass produced from 1556 at the glass making center of Stourbridge
England,.
- Production included:
- blown wares
- bottles
- bowls
- cut wares
- decanters
- drinking glasses
- novelties
- paperweights
- plain wares
- pressed wares
- tableware
Stouvenal Glass:
- The production of cut and engraved glass by Francis, Joseph, and
Nicholas Stouvenal of New York City, from the period1837 to 1870.
- Production included decorative and tableware as well as special
order work..
Strain:
- The change of deformation of a piece
of glass.
- The stress within a glass piece that
is caused by differential expansion or contraction during heating
or cooling.
- Annealing reduces strains.
Strain Point:
- The temperature, analagous to freezing, that an internal configuration
change occurs in glass.
- At temperature below this point, stress in glass will dissapate
when it reaches temperature equilibrium.
Straightening Points:
- The technique aligning drawn handles onto the axis of the tube
it was drawn from.
Stratified:
Strawberry:
- A pressed glass pattern of berries and leaves in a band. It is
similar to the Blackberry pattern.
Strawberry & Current:
- A pressed glass pattern of alternating clusters of strawberries
and stippled leaves and currants and stippled leaves.
Strawberry Cut:
Strawberry & Thistle:
- A pressed glass patter depicting beehives and bees with thistles.
Strain Point:
- Information obtained from determination
of the annealing point. The glass is relatively rigid at this point,
but internal stress is reduced to minimums over a period of 4 hours
at this point.
Stress:
- The deformation or strains is a piece
of glass exerted by forces, expressed in pounds per square inch.
Glass strain is caused by stress either compressive or tensile
from stretching or compression.
Stressometer:
- A small polarimeter, designed at the
Fusing Ranch. It is a light source with a sole diffusing lens and
polarizing lenses, that give a visual indications of the stress
existing is two pieces of fused glass.
Stria:
- Often a reference to antique glass,
it is a cord of low intensity. An example is Reamy antique glass,
having striae made by gathering glasses of varying viscosity and
then blowing into shape. Striae may be seen in clear glass with
a stressometer, or polarimeter.
Striae:
- The undulating marks that appears on glass from uneven furnace
temperatures or made from tools when the glass is rotated.
- In paperweights it is caused by glass
of different optical properties in the dome of a paperweight and
have an unwanted grainy or sugary look.
Striking:
- Reference to reheating glass after
initial cooling so that the color and opacity form colloidal particles
matures. At temperature above normal annealiong temperature, over
1100 degrees F., small particles of the glass matrix enlarge or
migrate together.
Stringer:
- Very fine glass thread that less than
1/16 inch in diameter. Stringers are used in fusing fine detail
and smaller than glass rods. Their manufacture can be a by product
of glass casting, dipping a punty in molten glass and snapping
it from side to side. They can be made from flat glass scraps pulled
with a pair of pliers.
Stringer glass:
- Sheet glass cast with stringers on
the underside of hand cast sheets that refract light give line
quality.
Stroke:
- The perceived movement of glass lace.
Stylus:
- Sharp pointed tools used to mark or
engrave.
- The same as applied stem.
- A separately blown
stem is "stuck" onto a bowl and/or
foot of an item.
Stump Lamp:
- Some what like a peg lamp.
- A lamp reservoir with pegs on the bottom to fit into a base.
Suffolk Glass Works:
- The factory started in the 1850s at Boston.
- Production included:
- blown wares
- bottles
- cut flint wares
- globes
- plain flint wares
- pressed wares
- private mold wares
- shades
- tableware
- vials
Sugar Bowl Goblet:
- Goblets with cylindrical feet, usually blown and tooled with an
expanded diamond pattern. Found in blue, clear and amethyst glass.
- Reputed to be production of the Stiegel Works.
- The goblets are these days designated as sugar basins or bowls,
and have no covers.
- A cameo or a relief medallion made
from clay silica paste. They are enclosed in paperweights, bottles
or glasses. Apsley Pellat was a noted English glass maker (1791-1862)
utilized sulphides.
Sunburst:
- A pressed glass pattern that mimics fine cut glass. It is distinguished
by diamond form panels pressed with large and small diamond points
having a sunburst of fan form between the panels.
Sunburst:
- Any of a number blown mold glass patterns such as Bull's eye Sunburst
in Square, Sunburst in Diamond, Sunburst in Oval and their variations.
Sun Chimneys:
- Trade name.
- A glass cylinder, like a hurricane shade,compressed at the top
to create a draft that made a flame take on a ovo-conical shape.
It was produced from the 1840s to the 1900s for kerosene lamps..
Suncook Glass:
- The Chelmsford, N.H. glass works moved to Suncook, N.H. and made
window glass until the 1850s.
Sunken Panel:
- A glass parison of glass is pressed with a mold having deep arched
panels and finished into a vase.
Supreme:
- An early nineteenth century tall, stemmed, large bowled sherbet
glass made for large servings of food.
Suspension:
- A non-colloidal, somewhat course,
dispersion of particles in a liquid.
Swan:
- A pressed glass pattern of finials of covered wares having the
swan shape.
- Also medallions with a swan impression.
Swan Dish:
- The cover, in the shape of a swan, of ovals dishes with either
open ringed or scalloped edges.
Swan Lamp:
- A night lamp with a swan shaped reservoir of pressed glass.
- Found in blue, green, pink, rose and white opaque glass.
Swan Finials:
- Glass finials that have been shaped to look like a swan.
Sweating:
Swedes' Glass:
- Reference to a vague story of a Swedes or Dutch glasshouse the
existed on the Delaware prior to William Penn's arrival, but is mention
of it in Penn's papers. It is told that beads and gorgets were made
there for trade to the Indians.
- Swedish glass was imported to the colony that became Pennsylvania
and through the eighteenth and nineteenth century
Sweeney & Bell
Glass:
- Production of the company
of Sweeney & Company in Wheeling,
Virginia from the 1830s on. The company was big importer and
wholesaler of foreign glassware.
- Production included:
- fine blown ware
- cut wares
- plain wares
- pressed glass.
Swirl:
- A paperweight that has two or more
colored rods radiating, in a spiral, down from a central cane on
top.
Swivel:
- The apparatus of two metal tubes, one which is stationary and connected
to rubber tubing, and the other fits into glass tubing. The glass
can be simutaneously rotated and blown into for working, without
kinking the rubber tubing.
Syllabub:
- The bowl used to prepare
the drink "syllabub," or
glasses to serve it in. The bowls often had a footing and underdish.
- Sometimes called "baptismal" as
sometimes they were used for the ritual.
- T -
Table Facet:
- A flat round cut onto the top of a paperweight.
Table Setting:
- A reference to the collecting of pressed glass as a table place
settings.
- A setting has a butter chip, butter plate, salt and pepper vessels,
sauce dish, service plate, tea plate and more.
- Complete settings include: butter dishes, compotes, creamer, goblets,
ice cream dishes, salad bowl, sugar bowl, tumblers, water pitcher,
wineglasses and more.
Tablet Bottles:
- Bottles with a screw on cap made to hold medicine tablets and pills.
They were made in many sizes and shapes, with the largest manufacture
of them from 1850 to 1900.
Taker-in:
- A gaffer's apprentice, particularly
one who assists in taking the finished glass to the lehr.
Tale:
- The first and last drawing of a parison of glass from the pot.
Tam O'Shanter Stopper:
- The stopper of a bottle having the form of Scottish cap with pompon.
Tank:
Tank Surface:
- Furnaces that hold melted glass without
any pots.
Taper Cologne:
- A stoppered or sprinkler top bottle with tapered side walls used
in barbershops and on dressing tables.
Target Balls:
- Glass balls, one and half to three inches wide, that were used
as targets when thrown with a sling.
Tassie:
- Cameo glass made in the 1760s by James Tassie of London. Tassies
were molded glass that was polished, made as replicas.
- Wafer dish.
- Tazze were dishes for cakes,
fruit, etc. and the bases for tall epergnes of smaller tiers. Usually
tazza are wide cups and serving plates, they may have handles,
and they are mounted on stemmed feet.
Tea Plates:
- Blown or pressed glass plates, six inches wide, made in many patterns.
Tear:
- A bubble deliberately encased in blown glass as a decoration. Tears
are frequently used in stems of objects.
- Decorative, tear dropped shaped bubbles
of deliberately trapped air bubbles.
Tecumseh Mustard:
- A two inch square blockhouse shaped jar with a roof that is the
lid and chimney being a handle. These jars probably were used for
honey and jams and date c. 1880 to 1890.
Tee Seal:
Temperanceville Glass (New Jersey):
- Production of the factory at Lewisville, N.J. in the 1830s, which
operated until the 1880s. It was so named as solely teetotalers received
jobs.
- Production included:
- bottles
- bowls
- flasks
- hollow wares
Temperature:
- The measure of heat intensity in degrees
Fahrenheit or Centigrade.
Tempering Glass:
- A glass treatment that produces internal
stress by rapid cooling from a low red heat with a blast of air
that hardens the surface first that compresses as the inner glass
continues to shrink. This is a very durable glass, however it does
not cut, as it will break into small pieces.
- Or disc.
- With reference to paperweight manufacture, it is a small cast iron
disc in which a design is sorted before it is picked up.
Temple Glass:
- Production by Hessian and other deserters of the British Army at
temple, N.H., from 1780 to 1782.
Tendril Stem:
- A stem that is entwine with a spiral thread, sometimes with contrasting
color.
Teracotta:
- A reddish brown clay used for pottery
and building.
Tessera:
- Reference to squares or individual
pieces of a mosaic. Also a reference to pieces of glass or other
substances.
Theatrical Glass:
- Blown molded, cut, etched or pressed glass that commemorated theater,
plays and players.
- The amount a material
will expand (per degree) when heated, expressed exponentially.
The smaller a is the more resistant a glass is to thermal shock.
- PyrexTM 7740,
a = 32.5 X
10-Z.
- The closer the a of two
glasses are the more compatible they are.
Thermal Endurance:
- The capacity of glass to undergo thermal
shock.
Thermal Shock:
- A reference to materials shock from
heat. Too rapid of heating or cooling past the strain point temperature
of glass causes thermal strains and cracking.
Thermocouple:
- A thermoelectric device of two dissimilar
metals that form a electrical potential difference at their junction.
The potential changes with temperature and is measurable.
Thimble Hand:
- A nineteenth century pressed or tooled glass with the form of a
hand with separated fingers to hold thimbles.
Thousand Eye:
- A pressed glass pattern of graduated circles with diamond points
in between.
Thread:
- A decorative trail of hot glass applied
as an object is rotated, usually as a spiral.
Threaded Glass:
- Glass decorated with small threads applied onto the original glass
parison.
- Glass ware with the surface appearance of separation into small
threads.
Threading:
- Reference to the application of heavy glass thread around bottle
or decanter necks and other wares.
Three Face:
- A pressed glass pattern,
also called the Three Graces, said to have begun with George Duncan & Sons
of Pittsburgh in the 1870s or 1880s. The faces appeared on the
stems of different wares.
Three Mold Pressed Glass :
- A term for blown three molded glass. The molds were made of three
of more hinged pieces which required an assistant to open and close
the molds. Such glass usually show lines were the molds joined.
Three Panel:
- A pressed glass panel of three panels of pear like dots with alternate
dots having a flower like impression. It has been found in amber,
amethyst, blue, and yellow.
Thumb Pattern:
- Ashburton style pattern that have a shallow indentation that looks
like a thumbprint.
Thumb Squeeze and Turn:
- A technique to cut rods and tubes. The tube is held between the
knife and thumb, rotating the tube while scoring it, then moistening
the score and making the break.
Thumbprint:
- A pressed glass pattern that mimicked the empire or Regency form
of cutting. The surface of the glass is a series of ovoid facets
approximating the size and shape of a thumbprint.
Thumbprint Cut:
- An oval, elongated concave window on a paperweight.
Tie-Over Jars:
- Jars that have a very indented rim to tie down a cover of parchment
or paper for a seal. These were preserving jars before the 1850s.
- Favrile, Latin for "craftsman"
- This "Art Nouveau" glass
was made by Louis Comfort Tiffany from 1893 to 1933 on Long Island,
N.Y. It is an iridescent and unconfined shaped glass, often with
silky looking surfaces. Frequently it combined bronze like alloys
and other metals to make a range of colors from deep blue to purple,
and yellow-gold to green. The glass was very popular in the United
States and Europe from 1890 to 1915, and revived in the 1960s.
Tin oxide:
- SnO
- A polishing compound for glass that
appears as a white powder.
Tip:
- The apparature on the end of a torch.
Toastmaster's Glass:
- A wine or spirit glass of small capacity, but normal appearance.
These glasses date from the eighteenth century, and allowed the leader
of a meal to drink toasts and stay fairly sober.
Toggle Balls:
- Also misnamed as milk bowl covers.
- Blown glass balls in sizes from four to twelve inches in diameter
used as floats to mark and support nets of fishermen.
Tomato Flasks:
- The early name used for ketchup bottles produced from the 1850s.
Tooled Glass:
- Blown wares that have been tooled for shape and decoration.
Tooling:
- Squeezing or pressing soft glass with
tools, while rotated on a pontil or blow pipe.
Top Loader:
- An annealer that is hinged on the
top from where it's loaded.
- A filigree ring of white with or with
out colored thread, usually with complicated patterns and form
low border to mushrooms or upright bouquets.
- With reference to paperweights, it
is opaque glass thread wound loosely around the filigree core often
found at the bse of a mushroom weight.
Torch:
Toys:
- A large category of glass production with many divisions.
- Glass toys production fall into three categories:
- regular production
- offhand work
- after hours work-frigging
Trail, Trailing:
- The pulling of a strand of glass onto
the surface of a glass object, to produce spirals, or other patterns.
The trailed glass can be later shaped with tools.
Transfer:
- To punty.
- To attach a piece of hot glass to another punty and removing it
from the original punty or pipe.
Transfers:
Translucent:
- The property of transmission of light
that diffuses it.
Transparent:
- Transmission of light, without diffusion,
that allows and image to be undistorted.
Trays:
Trefoil:
- Garlands made of three loops.
Trevor & Ensell:
- Pittsburgh glassmakers from 1812 to 1818, they known for their
blown, flint glass wares.
Tricolore:
- The originals were the three color of the French flag: red, white,
and blue..
- Later paperweights were made with flowers those colors.
- A popular item during the Revolution of 1848.
Triple Overlay:
Trumpet Vases:
- Blown glass vases in sizes twelve to sixteen inches high in a shape
like a trumpet on a baluster stem with welted foot, c. 1810,
found in amethyst and blue glass. It is likely they are of Bristol
origin rather than Stiegel as once thought.
Tuft:
Tulip:
- A pressed glass pattern of a vertical row of tulips, every one
with three rounded petals, the interstices done with diamond pointing.
The bowls of covered dishes have a wavy edge made by the petals,
which matches the shape of the cover.
Tulip Vase:
- A vase in which the form of the bowl looks like that of a partially
opened tulip.
Tumbler:
- Traditionally any round bottomed glasses that had no base and thus
did not stand up on their own.
- The term today applies to any drinking glass without a stem or
foot that is straight walled.
- The container of the mechanism that mixes a batch.
Tumbler Hat:
- A glass hat made after blowing a parison in a tumbler mold.
Tungsten carbide:
- WC
- It appears a fine gray powder used
for rough grinding and as an abrasive in tool and dies, and wear
resistant tool and machine parts.
Turtle Doorstop:
- Turtles shaped from big gobs of glass. They were made at New England
and Lancaster, N.Y. and date probably from the 1850s.
Turn Pole:
Tweezer:
- Also called pincers.
- A pointed tong like tool for holding
or working hot glass.
Twist:
Twistie:
- The decoration of glass cane by twisting two or more colored pieces
together.
Two and three part glasses:
- The former are glasses with drawn
stems, which are one with the bowl and the foot is added. The later,
the stem and bowl are separately made and have a foot added. Three
piece glasses can allow for more complicated patterns of the parts.
Two Panel:
- A pressed glass pattern of two panel pressed with starred squares
alternating with two plain panels. Found in clear, transparent and
colored glass.
- U -
Umpire Jar:
- Measuring jar of the Umpire Glass Works of Pittsburgh in the 1890s.
- Pressed marks for measuring are on the outside.
Underlay:
- A thin layer of colored glass on the interior of a glass piece.
Union Bowl:
- A pressed glass bowl: twenty one inch high, twenty two inches in
diameter and sixty pounds in weight.
- Produced by Deming Jarves in 1851 at the Sandwich, Mass. plant.
Union Flint Glass Company:
- Also known as: Kensington, Pa., Works.
- Started in the 1820s by men from the New England Glass company
and operated untill the 1870s.
- Production included:
- colored glass
- cut glass
- fine clear glass
- plain glass
- specialties
Union Glass:
- Production of the Union
Flint Glass Works at Pittsburgh, Pa., started in 1830 and operated
by Hay & Campbell from 1831
to the 1850s.
- Production included:
- cut glass
- blown flint ware
- decanters
- lamps
- plain tablewares
- pressed flint ware
- Two glass works at Wheeling, Va., used the name Union.
- Production included:
- bitters bottles
- green glass
- perfumers' wares
- vials.
- Union Glass Company at Somerville, Mass., made pressed glass and
blanks for cutting.
United States Glass Company:
- The plant was started at Falmouth, Mass and produced pressed glass.
- The plant was later known as Falmouth Glass Works.
United States Platter:
- A tray, about eight by eleven inches, in the pressed shape of the
American flag.
- The tray has a scrolled edge, stripes as alternating solid bars
and starred bands.
- Dates from the later 1800s.
Upright Bouquet:
- A three dimensional collection of canes and ornate lampwork flowers
on a bed of leaves.
Upright Muslin:
Utica:
- Also known as Honeycomb.
- Pressed glass pattern made by the Cape Cod Glass company.
Upright Bouquet:
- A floral design that is vertically
placed.
- V -
Val Saint Lambert Glass:
- Production of the factory
started in 1825 at Val Saint Lambert, Belgium. It was noted for
its beautiful crystal wares and press
glass that have a dotted and lacy background, a great deal of
it marked "Val
St. Lambert, Belgique."
Valentine Cup Plates:
- A designation for cup or tea plates impressed with symbols of arrows
and hearts.
Vapor Pressure:
- The pressre of vapor over a liquid in a closed container.
Vasa Murrhina:
- The name of a varicolored glass made by dusting a father or parison
of glass with metals and metal oxides, then fusing it and finally
coating it with another coat of glass.
Vases:
- Glass vases constitute a large category of glass produced in numerous
varieties..
Vase Candle Lamp:
- A three part vase form candle lamps often tented or colored and
with enamel or painted embellishment. They date from the 1850s to
the 1890s.
Vase Lamp:
- The lamp is a frosted cut globe over a sun chimney that sits on
top of an oil reservoir which fits into a vase. The vase could be
filled with flowers and the reservoir placed on it.
Vase Stoppers:
- Stoppers in the form of a small vase made for toilet water and
perfume bottles.
Vaupel, Louis:
- A glass cutter of the New England Glass Company, Cambridge, from
1856 to the 1870s.
Vauxhall Glass:
- Plate glass with beveled edges made at Vauxhall Works, started
by the Duke of Buckingham, England, c. 1660. Thee are stories
that fine crystal vases and bottles were made at the works.
Venetian Glass:
- Reference to glass work and sytles done in the Venetian manner
that originated in Murano, Italy.
- Venetian glass is masterfullly crafted or thinly blown.
Venetian Glass Balls:
- A name for glass paperweights during the 1850s. They are scrambled
paperweights of millefiori leftovers, rolled into a ball and covered
with glass.
Venetian
Brown & Gold:
- A type of glass used
for toys and ornaments described in 1847 as "brown
with gold spangles."
Vent:
- An outlet for air, smoke, and fumes
not be confused with peep holes. Kiln vents allow organic fumes,
from initial heating, and excess heat to escape.
Ventilating Glass:
- A faddish window glass of the 1840s that had fine holes drilled
at oblique angles for ventilation.
Vermicular Collar:
- The thin wavy like ring around a stem,
glass, or bowl's bottom, or bottle neck. Sometimes they are used
for a tall stem, providing a finger lip for grasping.
Vermiculee:
- A convoluted design, described as
appear as worm tracks.
Vermiculite:
- Expanded mica.
- A light weight, insulating material, used to allow hot glass to
cool slowly.
Vermont Glass:
- Window glass made at the Middlebury and Salisbury from 1813. It
is said that bottles were made until 1817.
Verre de Nevers:
- French
- Term for small lampwork figures of
opaque colors in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries from Nevers
and other places.
Verre Eglomise:
- French
- The mirror and picture framer, Glomy
(d. 1786)
- A technique of applying silver or
gold foil on the reversed, cut or engraved pattern, and backing
the work with a red, blue, or black ground.
- It is also a term for a form of Zwischengold decorations
for jewelry and medallions.
- French
- An often flat glass with etched gold
or silver foil with cold color painting, perform on the reverse
side of glass.
Verres a Serpents:
- French
- A term for "snake glass" and
refers glass with stem with elaborate snakes or dragons.
Verre Tachette:
- This glass was made by covering a parison of glass with spots of
colored enamel and blowing it into objects.
Vetro a fili, vetro a reticello, vetro a retorti:
Victoria:
- A pressed glass pattern, made by Bakewell of Pittsburgh, that combines
leaf shape, pointed oval with diamond zigzag bands.
Viscosity:
- Stiffness.
- The amount of resistance to flow of
a liquid, measured in centriposes, high viscosity liquids are stiff.
Viscosity of glass increases with decreasing temperature, stiffening
glass until below the strain point when glass acts as a solid.
Viscosity Gradient:
- The gradation of the fluidity of glass.
- To exemplify the gradiant, a piece of hot glass on a rod is easiet
to control when the glass is hottest and softest at the end away
from the rod ; cooler and stiffer nearby the rod, the viscosity graduates.
- Cold or hot spot on a piece of glass destroys the gradient.
Violin Bottle:
- Blown molded bottles that have the shape of a violin.
Viteous:
- A quality of glass, or resembling
the nature of glass, a glassy state.
Vitrarius:
- The name of a glassblower, with different spellings derived from
Latin.
Vitreous Paint:
- Mixtures of: ground glass, pigments or metal oxide in a suspension.
It is painted on glass that is fired, to fuse it onto the surface.
Vitric Panel:
- A glass pane which can be clear, cut engraved, frosted or otherwise
decorated.
Vitro Di Trina:
- A Venetian glass having
lacy threads of opaque white in transparent colored body. As
a "modern" glass it may date from c.
1450.
- The style was produced in Roman glass factories.
Vitro Porcelain:
- It is a pressed opaque
creamy white glass with a high polish. The production by Sowerby & Neville
Works, England is marked by a peacock head or star pressed into
the glass..
V - Wines:
- A reference to the shape of simple wineglasses with inverted conical
bowls, and having a variety of stems.
Volatile:
- The ability to evaporate or turn into
a gaseous state. Examples are organic binders that creates fumes
as they volatilize, necessitates venting.
- W -
Wafer Dish:
Waffle:
- Pressed glass pattern from Sandwich with the imprinted likeness
of a waffle iron.
Waffle Cut:
- A set of broad perpendicular cuts on the base of paperweights.
Waffle & Thumb
Print:
- Pressed glass pattern of alternating panels of waffles and thumbprints
made by the New England Glass Company.
Waldglass:
Wardian Case:
- Originally a flowers box with a glass bell cover.
- Later named Vivarium.
- Method of bringing plants back from distant lands, the glass bells
created condensation that watered the plants contained within.
Warp:
- A result of improper annealing, or
incompatible glasses, they are small bends or twist from the flat
form of fused glass.
Warwick Glass:
- Glass made at the Warwick, Maine plant which was started as Franklin
Glass Company in about 1812 or 1813 and operated to about 1820.
- Production included:
- bottles
- decanters
- jars
- plates
- pitchers
- off hand work
Washbowls:
- Dates range from 1750s to 1830s.
- Large blown bowls with wide rims for laving bowls of wash and toilet
stands.
Washington:
- Pressed glass pattern made by the New England Glass Co., made from
the 1860s.
- The design has chains of life-like elements forming arches over
oval panels and upright tiers of three large thumbprints.
- The term Washington for this pattern may have originated with the
maker who named patterns for American cities.
Washington Bust Bottle:
- Blown molded bitters bottles in the form of a bust of Washington
and marked Simon's Centennial Bitters.
- Originals, in amber and clear glass have no pontil mark.
Washington Glass Works:
- Started at Williamstown, N.J., in 1839.
- Production included:
- bottles
- druggists' wares
- flasks
- vials
Washington Spring Bottle:
- Saratoga water bottle with the bust of Washington.
- Containers of the Washington Spring Co., Ballston Spa.
Watch Bottle; Whiskeybury Bottle:
- A novelty flask of
four ounce capacity, bearing a paper label or glass covered panel
having a watch dial and legend "WHISKEYBURY, " and
sometime the phrase "Time to take a drink."
Watch Dish:
- Six inch in diameter pressed glass covered dish in the form of
a watch with stem and openwork ring. The cover is impressed with
dial and hands.
Water glass:
Water Sets:
- Stylish assemblies of glass trays, pitcher and glassware popular
from the mid 1850 to the 1900s.
Wax:
- Beeswax is traditionally used to lubricate
jacks to prevent scratching or marking the surface of hot glass
when working with the tool.
Waterford.
- Made in Waterford,
Ireland, from 1729 to 1851 and from 1951 to the present, it is
characterized by thick
walls, deep geometric cutting, and bright polish. Early Waterford
glass had a smoky, bluish gray color, considered a drawback
(now a collectors item), so clear crystal was produced after
1830. Chandeliers
with diamond-cut or scalloped branches, wall lamps, sconces,
bowls, and vases were characteristic. Most of the glass prior
to 1783 was blown glass, cutting was adopted in that year.
Waterloo Glass:
- Irish glass made by
Waterloo & Co. at Cork.
- The adverse effects of age, water,
and chemicals that decompose glass. Typically the glass degrades
into thin iridescent layers, often occurs with pitting. Transparency,
details and original color of the glass become obscured.
- The colorful effect was copied during
the nineteent century in Europe and America..
Wear Marks:
- The tiny scratches that appear an a glass base or foot from normal
wear and tear.
- Sometimes glass is deliberated abraded to stimulate wear, such
marks appear more regular that normal wear.
Wedding Ring:
- Pressed glass pattern of showing big heavy rings, in a chain, surrounding
an object.
Weeping:
Weight Method:
- To fill a propane tank by weight.
Wellsburg Glass:
- Wellsburg glass was made at Charleston VA, and then at Wellsburg,
from 1813 through to the 1840s. It is Virginia glass as West Virginia
did not become a state until 1861, or admitted to the union until
1863.
- Production included:
- flasks
- flint glass bottles
- tablewares
Welted Foot:
- Reference to the manner of finishing the foot of a footed object.
- A foot was thinned on the outer edge and folded either over or
under and then fused to form a welt to strengthen the work.
Westford Glass:
- Production of amber flasks and bottles from the plant at Westford,
Conn., from the 1850s to the 1870s.
Westmoreland Glass:
- See Grapeville Glass.
- Milk white pressed wares produced at the Grapeville, Pa., plant.
Westward Ho!:
- Originally named pioneer.
- Production of Gillinder & Sons of Philadelphia that featured "American
Themes."
- The design, in relief on a frosted band, includes bison, log house,
and running deer. A crouching Indian appears as a knop or finial
on covered pieces.
Westwater Cut Glass:
- A fine cut glass from
John Westwater & Son of Columbus,
Ohio.
Wheat & Barley:
- Pressed glass pattern depicting drooping sprays of wheat and barely
in panels.
- Pattern was pressed in amber, blue, clear, and yellow glass.
Wheat - Price Flasks:
- Marked flasks of Wheat,
Price & Company of Wheeling, Va..
Wheat, Price & Company:
- Wheeling, VA., glassmakers of the 1830s.
- Production included:
- blown glass
- blown mold flask
- cut glass
- cut glass lamps
- flint ware
- pressed glass
- pressed glass knobs
- tablewares
- vials
Wheel Stoppers:
- Also known as Rayed Stopper.
- Also known as thumb and finger stopper.
- Stopper for decanters or bottles molded
in a shears shaped squeezer, shaped in a flat, button centered
rayed finial on a tapered glass plug.
Wheels:
- Larger stone and steal wheels are
fabricated for deep cuts. Copper are used for smaller wheels used
for engraving.
Wheeling, Va., Glass:
- Reference to glass made at Wheeling, VA prior to 1861, when the
Western part of the state set up its own government and applied for
admission into the Union of the United States.
Whimsies:
- Usually after hours production of curiosities, oddities and toys.
- Also products of itinerant glass workers who worked glass with
Bunsen burners.
- Production of diverse pieces mainly date from the 1880s and 1890s.
Whitall - Tatum
- Glass factory started at Millville, N.J. in about 1806, by James
Lee.
- The Whitall brothers obtained management of the plant in the 1840s.
- In the 1860s the plant became known as the Whitall-Tatum concern.
- A catalogue list almost 1000 production items.
Whitefriars Glass:
- The Whitefriars Glass company of London was built about 1680. It
was named for the white robed Carmelite monks who lived at the factory
site. In 1834, James Powell ( 1774 to 1840) bought and renamed it
James Powell and Sons, untill 1962 when it again was named the Whitefriars
Glass Ltd.
- Production included:
- clear glass decanter
- drinking glasses
- paperweights.
- tableware
Whiteman Jars:
- Patented milk bottles from the 1880s, made for or by A.V. Whitman
of New York.
- Made of clear glass with the name of milk dealer or dairy, and
having wire clips to hold a glass top onto the jar.
White, S. S., Trays:
- Fine milk glass trays having a circular form, in sizes twelve to
eighteen inches in diameter and have plain or scalloped edges. The
trays are marked with S.S. White.
- The trays were used by dentist to hold instruments.
Whiting:
Whitney Glass:
Whorl Rod:
- A millefiori cane that shows a spiral cross section, frequently
they are used for the center of a bundle of star rods.
Williamsburg Glass:
- Brooklyn glass
- Glass produced at the Willamsburg Glass Works, Long Island, from
the 1840s to the 1890s.
- Production included:
- cut glass
- fine clear glass
- fine colored glass
- plain glass
Williamsport Glass:
- Glass made at Williamsport, now Monongahela City, Pa, from 1816.
- The facilities were leased by William Ihmsen after several failures.
Willington Glass:
- Connecticut
- The Willington Glass Company was started in about 1815 through
to the 1870s.
- Production included:
- amber and green glass
- bottles
- carboys
- flasks
- hollow wares
- vials
Willkomen; Wiederkomen:
- A popular drinking glass once popular in Europe from the 1500 to
the 1600s.
- The large drinking vessels, filled to the brim, were used to greet
guest and to bid farewell.
Willow Oak:
- Also known as Oak Leaf and Acorn.
- Pressed glass pattern of a daisy flowers and leaf patterns, curlicues
and oak leaves.
- Found in clear, blue and amber.
Window:
- A cut facet on overlay paperweights.
Window Panes:
- Pressed glass panes dating from the 1830s through the 1870s.
- The decorative five by seven inch pressed panes where used on steamboats
where light was desired.
Winsdor Cut:
- Cut glass pattern that was popular from the 1880s through the 1890s.
Wine Font:
- A vase like urn that held a spigot in an opening at the bottom,
some had a reservoir to hold ice.
- These held wine for gatherings and date from the eighteenth and
nineteenth century.
Wine Tester:
- A slender bottle that is passed through the bung of a barrel to
sample wine without disturbing the contents, its lower end blown
solid for weight and its upper lip providing a rim to tie a cord
onto.
Winged Stem:
- Late seventeenth and early eighteenth century wind and ale glasses
having stems with tooled wing like projections on the side.
Winthrop Cup:
- Cut glass pattern popular from the 1880s through the 1890s.
Wiping Off:
- A method removing extra glass while it is hot.
Wiping On:
- A method of applying extra hot glass.
Wistar Glass:
- Wistar glass is considered by some as America's earliest collectable
glass.
- Caspar Wistar is thought to have been born in the Netherlands in
1696 and immigrated to Pennsylvania in 1717, becoming a Quaker. He
married Catherine Jensen in 1726, she was from a old and noted Dutch
family.
- A button maker, he brought four glass blowers from the Netherlands
in 1739. Indentured men, part of the agreement was that they teach
Wistar, and son Richard (and no others), the art of glassmaking.
- The glass factory was started in 1740 on Alloway Creek, Salem County,
N.J. and operated to 1780. It produced glass in the Dutch tradition
such as bicolor swirls, lily pad decoration and pearl drawing..
- Production included:
- bottles
- chemical glass ware
- electric globes
- tubes
- mustard jars
- window glass
Witch Ball & Stand:
- The base, in the form of a vase or goblet, positions a large glass
ball.
- The pieces were made from 1825 to 1900, apparently the product
of off hand work.
Witch Ball:
- True witch balls were a hollow ball of swirled parti-colored glass,
two to seven inches (or more) in diameter.
- Originated in England and was used by superstitious glassmakers
to ward off the evil eye, by hanging in a cottages window.
- The eighteenth century tradition developed into one of hanging
many on a tree or candletrows at Christmas or Twelfth night.
Woodall Glass:
- George Woodall was
employed by Webb & Sons, Stourbridge,
England from the 1870s to the 1890s. He produced fine cut glass.
Working Range:
- The temperature range for forming
glass. The upper end refers to working temperature where tools
can be used to shape the glass, and the lower end refers to temperatures
that allows glass to hold its formed shape.
Wormser & Company:
- Pittsburgh
- The company was started in the 1850s and production continued to
the late 1880s or early 1890s.
- Production included bottles and flasks.
Wound Glass:
- See core-forming.
- Melted glass is wound around a core or wire. The core or wire is
removed.
Wrap:
- To put a hot blob of glass around
another pice of glass, such as a thread or other ornamentation.
Wrythen Molding:
- A softened and swirled vertical ribbing
or fluting that encircles the rising shape of glass. An example
is some low stemmed ale glasses.
- A flammiform denotes a clear edge
to similar glass, as the swirls end raggedly in flame shaped pattern.
- X -
Xanthine Glass:
- See silver in glass.
- Yellow glass, sometimes made by adding silver to glass.
- Y -
Yoke:
- Supports for blowpipes that are Y-shaped, often with ball bearing
roller.
- Yokes give support at the glory hole while rotating the pipe.
- Z -
Zaffer:
Zanesville Glass:
- The White Glass Works
(1815), later known as Shepard & Co.,
(1822) made this notable glass. Its bottles and vials were often
mis-identified as 18th century glass, and is known for
its hollow ware. Some historical flasks are marked "Zanesville,
Ohio, Shepard & Co."
- New Granite Glass Works (1816) was known for bottles and flasks.
- Kearn established a plant (1840), assimilated others, making a
diversity of glass.
- Italian
- A fancy cane often with spiral pattern or lace like elements inside.
Zantzinger, Paul:
- Zantzinger was a trustee of bankruptcy preceedings of the Seiegel
Works of Manheim, (Lancaster Co.), Pa, of the 1770s. Zantzinger operatied
the plants into the 1780s.
Zimmerman, Joseph:
- Founded the Milford (or Pendelton), N. J. glassworks around 1849.
Zuccarin:
- Italian
- See Kuttrolf
- Italian version of German Kuttrolf.
