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The Dragon's Glassory:
A glossary of glass terms.
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Alphabetical Index
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- A -
a (alpha):
Acid Etched:
- A name registered to a type of Art Glass, made of two layers and
two colors of cased glass. Made in the US by Frederick Cader, c 1932.
Acid Etching:
- The process of etching glass with hydrofluoric acid or ammonium
fluoride, stencils and resist of wax or some greasy substance was
developed during the 1870s in American Glass Houses. Decorative designs
are made by cutting or eating the glass away.
Acid Polishing:
- The use of a hydrofluoric acid bath to polish glass.
A Cordeline:
Accomac Cut:
- 1880s to 1890s pattern of popular cut glass.
Acorn:
- Pattern of pressed glass with an acorn pattern on the ribbing.
Acute Angles:
- Angles that are less than 90 degrees, and can affect seals.
Adams & Company Glass:
- A Pittsburgh made pressed glass from 1851, to some forms as late
as the 1890s.
- Noted patterns were:
- Baltimore Pear (Fig till aprox. 1887 or Gypsy)
- Daisy and Button (with thumb print)
- Hidalgo
- Hobnail with Fan
- Moon and Star
- Thousand Eye
- Wildflower
Advertising Ware:
- Glass that advertises its maker, the art of a glass, or a line
of glass.
Aetna Glass:
Agata Glass:
- A glass characterized by its mottle look. The technique drizzled
volatile liquids onto the glass before refiring. Clear glass and
some Amberina glass used this finishing technique.
- A glass made at the Pittsburgh, Sandwich factories, and few few
other places, it was made from 1850 through 1900s. Blast furnace
slag (a form of glass) was mixed with glass to produce of chocolates,
caramels, agates and leathers. It was often variegated and with striations
of milk glass tints.
Air Ring:
- The elongated inclusion of air the encircles a paperweight by the
base, often above and below a torsade.
- A stem type from the 18th century. Air is trapped as
longitudinal channels, it is drawn out in a process of elongation
and twisting the mass of glass.
Alabaster Glass:
- Glass made by James Lloyd at the Sandwich Glass Works, considered
an fine imitation of alabaster ware..
Alabastron:
- Greek
- A small flask or bottle for perfumes and oils. Appearance often
having flat lips, thin neck, cylindrical bodies, and two small side
handles.
Albany Glass:
- A noted glass factory in Albany, N.Y., first established in the
1780s.
- Production included:
- bottles
- carboys
- jars
- window glass
Almond:
- Or Pointed Thumb Print.
- A pressed glass with hollowed facets likened to a thumb print having
pointed facets.
Almorrata:
- A Early Spanish glass where vessels have a narrow base and loops
to hang, sporting a big central neck and four tapered spouts on the
belly.
Alte Schweiss:
- Literal for "Old Swiss."
- Reference to early enameled, bi-colored, or decorated glass.
Alumnia Hydrate:
- Al2 O3
- Common crystalline compound used as abrasive and refractories.
Aluminoborosiclicate:
- SiO2, Al2O3, CaO and B2O3
- A glass that is highly resistant to chemical corrosion.
Amberina:
- Also called partially colored glass.
- Dates from 1833 and patented in 1883
for the New England Glass Company of East Cambridge, Mass., and
made through the 1890s by its successor, the Libbey Glass Company
of Ohio. Manufactured also under the name rose amber in New Bedford,
Mass.
- This blended-color glass is characterized
by the lower part of a piece colored a yellowish amber color that
merges into a ruby-red color up higher on the work, blending from
dark to light. A wide range of table and ornamental wares with
diamond designs or swirled ribbing was produced with Amberina glass.
Amber Slag:
- Milk white glass having streaks of caf³ au
lait and chocolate swirls.
- A soda lime glass, non lead glass
with smoky or greenish tones that is engraved and cut with Bohemian
and German patterns.
- John F. Amelung from Bremen, Germany
helped start the German Company open a glass house in the United
States. at New Bremen, MD.
American Flint Glass Works:
- Glass works of the Southwick & Co.,
in Wheeling, Va., dating from the 1840s. Known for its blown mold
and pressed glass, flint and colored glass.
- Production included:
- blown mold
- blown flint
- colored glass
- pressed glass
American System:
- Reference to flask that mold blown,
having the slogan "American System." A commemoration
over tariffs to prevent British goods dumping in the United States.
Amphoriskos:
- Greek
- Toiletry flask often with an appearance
of inverted pear shape usually tapered to point or button foots.
Angelic Cut:
- Cut glass pattern of the 1880s.
Animal Dishes:
- Pressed covered glass dishes with
animal forms.
Animal Headed Glass:
- Pressed glass with lids having shapes
of animal heads, or having knobs with animal heads (usually frosted)
or full figures.
Animalistic Glass:
- Animals charterized in glass.
Anthemion:
- Greek, stands for honeysuckle.
- Pressed glass pattern having a honeysuckle flower on a stippled
background.
Anneal:
- The controlled cooling of hot glass
to remove stress.
Anneal Cool:
- The point where glass has cooled throught the annealing soak termperature
to its srain point. It is important that the cooling rate is slow
so residual stress does not mature.
Annealer:
- The insulated structure for annealing glass.
Annealer Face:
- A impression made onto a piece of
glass from the annealer surfaces. It can be caused when a piece
is placed in the annealer while too hot, or the annealer temperature
is set too high.
Annealing:
- The process of controlled gradual
cooling of an object after a hot-working process, so the the thicker
and thinner parts cool at the same rate. The annealing process
prevents the development of stresses that damage glass, toughening
it. Annealing is done in a oven or Lehr and allows a uniform cooling
rate for varying thickness of parts of an object. Done in stages:
the anneal soak and anneal cool.
Annealing Chamber or Oven:
Annealing Point:
- The temperature of about 35 to 40
degrees F. overt the strain point where internal stress in glass
is quickly reduced.
Annealing Range:
- The range of temperature for annealing
an object. This range varies upon the composition of the object.
It exist from above the strain point to the anneal soak temperature.
Annealing Soak:
- Stage of cooling that is held constant
allowing stress in glass to stabilize.
ANSI:
- American National Standards Institute.
- The organization that sets safety standards for industrial equipment.
- The organization that sets the standard of measuring the proerties
of different materials, including glass.
Annular:
- A disk bead with a relatively large opening.
Apple Green:
- Ideally means a clear pale green.
Applied Handles:
- Pressed glass.
- Prior to 1865, handles were attached
as hot rods that were crimped on. In 1865 a special pressing technique
was perfected for attaching handles.
Applied Stem:
Aquadag:
- Graphite powder in a colloidal suspension
that is used for mold release and to resurface tools for forming
glass.
Arabesque:
- Bakewell of Pittsburgh pattern of
pressed glass having bands of dotted loops with an overall look
as stippled and dotted keyholes.
Arbitration Mug:
- Beer mugs having the figures of employers
and labor shaking hands pressed into the handles.
A retortoli:
Argus:
- Bakewell of Pittsburgh produced this
pressed glass pattern with big vertical thumb prints, like Ashburton,
or big ovals.
- Also called Crow's-foot.
- A section of millefiori created from rods having a three pronged
arrow configuration.
Aryballos:
- Greek
- A globular shaped toiletry flask with
side handles.
Asbestos:
- A form of hydrated magnesium silicate
the is fibrous and fireproof. Gloves made of it are resistant to
extreme heat associated with glass working.
- An early glass pattern beginning in
the mid 1830s, described with big curvate thumb print panels. The
pattern was later called Colonial, and still is produced with modern
techniques.
Aspirator:
- A device for making a vacume, powered by attaching to a water faucet.
Atlantic Glass:
- A little glass furnace in Crowleytown,
N.J..
Atmosphere:
- Condition of air in a kiln which can vary from oxidation (excess
oxygen) to neutral to reduction (deficient of oxygen).
- In lampworking it refers the conditions that exist in a torch flame.
- An "oxidinzing" atmosphere is high in oxygen.
- A "reducing" atmoshere is low in oxygen and often
softer and cooler. A reducing atmoshpere can discolor glass.
- Also called a side arm seal.
- A method of attaching a glass piece to the main body.
At the fire:
- Reheating and reworking glass with additional blowing into larger
or new shapes. Also, reheating glass at the glory hole.
- Italian for "by accident," also called goldstone.
- A colored glass with gold flakes of the 15th century.
- Also, in the 17th century crystals of copper provided
a lustrous sheen, a method of super-saturating a batch of glass with
copper and the copper crystallizes out.
- A piece of glass that connects one piece of glass to another. Often
it is used in making goblets, connecting the bowl to the stem, or
the stem to the foot.
Axis:
- The line of center when rotating a glass rod.
Ayotte, Rick:
- Know as the "bird man" of glass with regards to his paperweights.
- Aotte worked as a scientific glassblowers in Nashua and started
his own business in 1970, Ayotte's Artistry in Glass which made hollow
glassware gifts and solid crystal. In 1978 Ayotte Weishts came onto
the market.
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